Auspice
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An auspice (Latin: auspicium[1] from auspex, literally "one who looks at birds")[2] is a type of omen already familiar to the king of Alasia in Cyprus who, in the Amarna correspondence (fourteenth century BCE) has need of an 'eagle diviner' to be sent from Egypt.[3] The earlier, indigenous practice of divining by bird signs, familiar in the figure of Calchas, the bird-diviner to Agamemnon, who has led the army (Iliad I.69) was largely replaced by sacrifice-divination through inspection of the sacrificial victim's liver— haruspices— during the Orientalizing period. "From Plato we learn that hepatoscopy enjoyed greater prestige than bird augury"[4]
In ancient Rome, an auspice was a sign from the gods, as interpreted by an augur. An augur would perform a ceremony (known as "taking the auspices") and would read patterns of birds in the sky. Depending upon the birds, the auspices from the gods could be favorable or unfavorable (auspicious or inauspicious). Sometimes bribed or politically motivated augurs would fabricate unfavorable auspices in order to delay certain state functions, such as elections. Pliny the Younger attributes the invention of auspicy to Tiresias the seer of Thebes, the generic model of a seer in the Greco-Roman literary culture.
One of the most famous auspices is the one which is connected with the founding of Rome. Once the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, arrived at the Palatine Hill, the two argued over where the exact position of the city should be. Romulus was set on building the city upon the Palatine, but Remus wanted to build the city on the strategic and easily fortified Aventine Hill. The two agreed to settle their argument by testing their abilities as augurs and by the will of the gods. Each took a seat on the ground apart from one another, and, according to Plutarch, Remus saw six vultures, while Romulus saw twelve.
[edit] Modern application of the term
In the vocational education sector of Australia, auspicing is where a registered training organization enters a partnership arrangement with another organisation that undertakes training or assessment on their behalf. The original training organization is still responsible for the quality of that training and assessment. The word is also used when a larger organization, such as local government, accepts and manages grant money, on behalf of a smaller community group, which does not have the necessary financial arrangements in place.
[edit] Notes
- ^ auspice - definition of auspice by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia
- ^ auspic-, auspec- + (Latin: to look, to observe in order to make a prediction; to see omens; from auspex [genitive form auspicis] avi-, stem of avis, "bird" plus -spex, "observer", from specere)
- ^ J.A. Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna Tafeln (1915:no. 35.26) noted in Walter Burkert, The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influences on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age (1992), p 42.
- ^ Walter Burkert 1992:49, noting Plato's Phaedrus 244C.
This article incorporates content from the 1728 Cyclopaedia, a publication in the public domain. [1]
