Corruption Perceptions Index

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Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2007

Since 1995, Transparency International has published an annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)^[1] ordering the countries of the world according to "the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians".^[2] The organization defines corruption as "the abuse of entrusted power for private gain".^[3]

The 2003 poll covered 133 countries; the 2007 survey, 180. A higher score means less (perceived) corruption. The results show seven out of every ten countries (and nine out of every ten developing countries) with an index of less than 5 points out of 10.

1 Methods and interpretation
2 Criticism
3 CPI Ranking (2002–2007)
4 References
5 See also
6 External links

[edit] Methods and interpretation

Transparency International commissioned Johann Graf Lambsdorff of the University of Passau to produce the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI).^[2] The CPI 2005 draws on "16 different polls and surveys from 10 independent institutions… The institutions who provided data for the CPI 2005 are: Columbia University, Economist Intelligence Unit, Freedom House, Information International, International Institute for Management Development, Merchant International Group, Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, World Economic Forum and World Markets Research Centre. Early CPIs used public opinion surveys, but now only "experts" are used. TI requires at least three sources to be available in order to rank a country in the CPI.^[2]

"TI writes in their FAQ on the CPI that "residents' viewpoints correlate well with those of experts abroad. In the past, the experts surveyed in the CPI sources were often business people from industrialised countries; the viewpoint of less developed countries was underrepresented. This has changed over time, giving increasingly voice to respondents from emerging market economies."^[2]

As this index is based on polls, the results are subjective and are less reliable for countries with fewer sources. Also, what is legally defined, or perceived, to be corruption differs between jurisdictions: a political donation legal in some jurisdiction may be illegal in another; a matter viewed as acceptable tipping in one country may be viewed as bribery in another. Thus the poll results must be understood quite specifically as measuring public perception rather than being an objective measure of corruption.

Statistics like this are by nature imprecise; statistics from different years are not necessarily comparable. The ICCR itself explains, "…year-to-year changes in a country's score result not only from a changing perception of a country's performance but also from a changing sample and methodology. Each year, some sources are not updated and must be dropped from the CPI, while new, reliable sources are added. With differing respondents and slightly differing methodologies, a change in a country's score may also relate to the fact that different viewpoints have been collected and different questions been asked… [despite] anti-corruption reform… [or] recent exposure of corruption scandals… [i]t is often difficult to improve a CPI score over a short time period, such as one or two years. The CPI is based on data from the past three years (for more on this, see the question on the sources of data, below). This means that a change in perceptions of corruption would only emerge in the index over longer periods of time".^[4]

[edit] Criticism

Corruption perception index has sometimes been criticized as the perception of a selected few since it ignores the perception of wider population and focuses on perception of the experts. Furthermore, some have opined that the index analyzes a "mere perception" and the method followed in preparing the index could not measure institutional corruption.^[5]

[edit] CPI Ranking (2002–2007)

Worldwide Corruption Perceptions ranking of countries
published by Transparency International

Rank	Country	Index
2007	Country	2007^[6]	2006^[7]	2005^[8]	2004^[9]	2003	2002
1	Denmark	9.4	9.5	9.5	9.5	9.5	9.5
1	Finland	9.4	9.6	9.6	9.7	9.7	9.9
1	New Zealand	9.4	9.6	9.6	9.5	9.5	9.4
4	Singapore	9.3	9.2	9.3	9.4	9.4	9.4
4	Sweden	9.3	9.2	9.2	9.3	9.3	9.0
6	Iceland	9.2	9.6	9.7	9.6	9.4	9.2
7	Netherlands	9.0	8.7	8.6	8.9	9.0	8.8
7	Switzerland	9.0	9.1	9.1	8.8	8.5	8.4
9	Canada	8.7	8.5	8.4	8.7	9.0	8.9
9	Norway	8.7	8.8	8.9	8.8	8.5	8.6
11	Australia	8.6	8.7	8.8	8.8	8.6	8.5
12	Luxembourg	8.4	8.6	8.5	8.7	9.0	8.7
12	United Kingdom	8.4	8.6	8.6	8.6	8.7	8.3
14	Hong Kong	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.0	8.2	7.9
15	Austria	8.1	8.6	8.7	8.0	7.8	7.8
16	Germany	7.8	8.0	8.2	7.7	7.3	7.4
17	Republic of Ireland	7.5	7.4	7.4	7.5	6.9	7.5
17	Japan	7.5	7.6	7.3	7.0	7.1	7.1
19	France	7.3	7.4	7.5	6.9	6.3	6.7
20	United States (American territory)	7.2	7.3	7.6	7.5	7.7	7.6
21	Belgium	7.1	7.3	7.4	7.6	7.1	6.6
22	Chile	7.0	7.3	7.3	7.4	7.5	7.5
23	Barbados	6.9	6.7	6.9
24	Saint Lucia	6.8
25	Spain	6.7	6.8	7.0	6.9	7.1	7.0
25	Uruguay	6.7	6.4	5.9	5.5	5.1	5.1
27	Slovenia	6.6	6.4	6.1	5.9	6.0	5.2
28	Estonia	6.5	6.7	6.4	5.5	5.6	5.6
28	Portugal	6.5	6.6	6.5	6.6	6.3	6.3
30	Israel	6.1	5.9	6.3	6.4	7.0	7.3
30	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	6.1
32	Qatar	6.0	6.0	5.9	5.6
33	Malta	5.8	6.4	6.4
34	Macau	5.7	6.6
34	Republic of China (Taiwan)	5.7	5.9	5.9	5.6	5.7	5.6
34	United Arab Emirates	5.7	6.2	6.2	6.1	5.2
37	Dominica	5.6	4.5	3.0	2.9	3.3	3.2
38	Botswana	5.4	5.6	5.9	6.0	5.7	6.4
39	Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus)	5.3	5.6	5.7	5.4	6.1
39	Hungary	5.3	5.2	5.0	4.8	4.8	4.9
41	Czech Republic	5.2	4.8	4.3	4.2	3.9	3.7
41	Italy	5.2	6.2	6.2	5.2
43	Malaysia	5.1	5.0	2.8	2.8	2.8	4.9
43	South Africa	5.1	4.6	4.5	4.6	4.4	4.8
43	South Korea	5.1	5.1	5.0	4.5	4.3	4.5
46	Bahrain	5.0	5.7	5.8	5.8	6.1
46	Bhutan	5.0
46	Costa Rica	5.0	4.1	4.2	4.9	4.3	4.5
49	Cape Verde	4.9
49	Slovakia	4.9	6.4	6.1	4.0	3.7	3.7
51	Latvia	4.8	4.7	4.2	4.0	3.8	3.7
51	Lithuania	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.6	4.7	4.8
51	Jordan	4.7	5.3	5.7	5.3	4.6	4.5
53	Mauritius	4.7	5.1	4.2	4.1	4.4	4.5
53	Oman	4.7	5.4	6.3	6.1	6.3
56	Greece	4.6	4.4	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.2
57	Namibia	4.5	4.1	4.3	4.1	4.7	5.7
57	Samoa	4.5
57	Seychelles	4.5	3.6	4.0	4.4
60	Kuwait	4.3	4.8	4.7	4.6	5.3
61	Cuba	4.2	3.5	3.8	3.7	4.6
61	Poland	4.2	3.7	3.4	3.5	3.6	4.0
61	Tunisia	4.2	4.6	4.9	5.0	4.9	4.8
64	Bulgaria	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.1	3.9	4.0
64	Croatia	4.1	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.7	3.8
64	Turkey	4.1	3.8	3.5	3.2	3.1	3.2
67	El Salvador	4.0	4.0	4.2	3.7	3.4	3.2
68	Colombia	3.8	3.9	4.0	3.8	3.7	3.6
69	Ghana	3.7	3.3	3.5	3.6	3.3	3.9
69	Romania	3.7	3.1	3.0	2.9	2.8	2.6
71	Senegal	3.6	3.3	3.2	3.0	3.2	3.1
72	Brazil	3.5	3.3	3.7	3.9	3.9	4.0
72	People's Republic of China	3.5	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.4	3.5
72	India	3.5	3.3	2.9	2.8	2.8	2.7
72	Mexico	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.6	3.6	3.6
72	Morocco	3.5	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.7
72	Peru	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.5	3.7	3.4
72	Suriname	3.5	3.0	3.2	4.3
79	Georgia	3.4	2.8	2.3	2.0	1.8	2.4
79	Grenada	3.4	3.5
79	Saudi Arabia	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.4	4.5
79	Serbia^[10]	3.4	3.0	2.8	2.7	2.3
79	Trinidad and Tobago	3.4	3.2	3.8	4.2	4.6	4.9
84	Bosnia-Herzegovina	3.3	2.9	2.9	3.1	3.3
84	Gabon	3.3	3.0	2.9	3.3
84	Jamaica	3.3	3.7	3.6	3.3	3.8	4.0
84	Kiribati	3.3	3.7
84	Lesotho	3.3	3.2	3.4
84	Macedonia	3.3	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.3
84	Maldives	3.3

Rank	Country	Index
2007	Country	2007	2006	2005	2004	2003	2002
84	Montenegro	3.3
84	Swaziland	3.3	2.5	2.7
84	Thailand	3.3	3.6	3.8	3.6	3.3	3.2
94	Madagascar	3.2	3.1	2.8	3.1	2.6	1.7
94	Panama	3.2	3.1	3.5	3.7	3.4	3.0
94	Sri Lanka	3.2	3.1	3.2	3.5	3.4	3.7
94	Tanzania	3.2	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.5	2.7
98	Vanuatu	3.1
99	Algeria	3.0	3.1	2.8	2.7	2.6
99	Armenia	3.0	2.9	2.9	3.1	3.0
99	Belize	3.0	3.5	3.7	3.8	4.5
99	Dominican Republic	3.0	2.8	3.0	2.9	3.3	3.5
99	Lebanon	3.0	3.6	3.1	2.7	3.0
99	Mongolia	3.0	2.8	3.0	3.0
105	Albania	2.9	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.5
105	Argentina	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.5	2.5	2.8
105	Bolivia	2.9	2.7	2.5	2.2	2.3	2.2
105	Burkina Faso	2.9	3.2	3.4
105	Djibouti	2.9
105	Egypt	2.9	3.3	3.4	3.2	3.3	3.4
111	Eritrea	2.8	2.9	2.6	2.6
111	Guatemala	2.8	2.6	2.5	2.2	2.4	2.5
111	Moldova	2.8	3.2	2.9	2.3	2.4	2.1
111	Mozambique	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7
111	Rwanda	2.8	2.5	3.1
111	Solomon Islands	2.8
111	Uganda	2.8	2.7	2.5	2.6	2.2	2.1
118	Benin	2.7	2.5	2.9	3.2
118	Malawi	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.9
118	Mali	2.7	2.8	2.9	3.2	3.0
118	Sao Tome and Principe	2.7
118	Ukraine	2.7	2.8	2.6	2.2	2.3	2.4
123	Comoros	2.6
123	Guyana	2.6	2.5	2.5
123	Mauritania	2.6	3.1
123	Nicaragua	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.5
123	Niger	2.6	2.3	2.4	2.2
123	Timor-Leste	2.6	2.6
123	Vietnam	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.4	2.4
123	Zambia	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.6
131	Burundi	2.5	2.4	2.3
131	Honduras	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.3	2.3	2.7
131	Iran	2.5	2.7	2.9	2.9	3.0
131	Libya	2.5	2.7	2.5	2.5	2.1
131	Nepal	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.8
131	Philippines	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.6
131	Yemen	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.4	2.6	2.4
138	Cameroon	2.4	2.3	2.2	2.1	1.8	2.2
138	Ethiopia	2.4	2.4	2.2	2.3	2.5	3.5
138	Pakistan	2.4	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.5	2.6
138	Paraguay	2.4	2.6	2.1	1.9	1.6	1.7
138	Syria	2.4	2.9	3.4	3.4	3.4
143	The Gambia	2.3	2.5	2.7	2.8	2.5
143	Indonesia	2.3	2.4	2.2	2.0	1.9	1.9
143	Russia	2.3	2.5	2.4	2.8	2.7	2.7
143	Togo	2.3	2.4
147	Angola	2.2	2.2	2.0	2.0	1.8	1.7
147	Guinea-Bissau	2.2
147	Nigeria	2.2	2.2	1.9	1.6	1.4	1.6
150	Azerbaijan	2.1	2.4	2.2	1.9	1.8	2.0
150	Belarus	2.1	2.1	2.6	3.3	4.2	4.8
150	Republic of the Congo	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.2
150	Côte d'Ivoire	2.1		1.9	2.0	2.1	2.7
150	Ecuador	2.1	2.3	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.2
150	Kazakhstan	2.1	2.6	2.6	2.2	2.4	2.3
150	Kenya	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.1	1.9	1.9
150	Kyrgyzstan	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.1
150	Liberia	2.1		2.2
150	Sierra Leone	2.1	2.2	2.4	2.3	2.2
150	Tajikistan	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.0	1.8
150	Zimbabwe	2.1	2.4	2.6	2.3	2.3	2.7
162	Bangladesh	2.0	2.0	1.7	1.5	1.3	1.2
162	Cambodia	2.0	2.1	2.3	1.5	1.3	1.2
162	Central African Republic	2.0	2.4
162	Papua New Guinea	2.0	2.4	2.3	2.6	2.1
162	Turkmenistan	2.0	2.2	1.8	2.0
162	Venezuela	2.0	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.5
168	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1.9	2.0	2.1	2.0
168	Equatorial Guinea	1.9	2.1	1.9
168	Guinea	1.9	1.9
168	Laos	1.9	2.6	3.3
172	Afghanistan	1.8		2.5
172	Chad	1.8	2.0	1.7	1.7
172	Sudan	1.8	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.3
175	Tonga	1.7
175	Uzbekistan	1.7	2.7	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.9
177	Haiti	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.5	1.5	2.2
178	Iraq	1.5	1.9	2.2	2.1	2.2
179	Myanmar	1.4	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.6
179	Somalia	1.4		2.1

[edit] References

^ Corruption Perception Report accessed on January 9, 2007
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Frequently Asked Questions: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2005). Retrieved on 2005-11-22.
^ Global Corruption Report 2007. Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
^ ICCR FAQ. Retrieved on 2005-07-04.
^ "Bangladesh's economists question corruption perception index", The HINDU News Update Service, 2007-09-27. Retrieved on 2007-09-28. (English)
^ CPI 2007 table. Transparency International. Retrieved on 2007-10-01.
^ CPI 2006 table. Transparency International. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
^ CPI 2005 table. Transparency International. Retrieved on 2007-12-03.
^ CPI 2004 table. Transparency International. Retrieved on 2007-12-03.
^ The years 2002-2005 show data for Serbia and Montenegro

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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