E. P. Sanders
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Ed Parish Sanders (born 18 April 1937) is a New Testament scholar, and is one of the principal proponents of the New Perspective on Paul. He has been Arts and Sciences Professor of Religion at Duke University, North Carolina, since 1990. He retired in 2005.
Sanders is a Fellow of the British Academy. In 1990 he received a D. Litt. from the University of Oxford and a D. Theol. from the University of Helsinki. In 1966 he received a Th.d. from Union Seminary in NYC. He has authored, co-authored or edited 13 books and numerous articles. He has received a number of prizes, including the Grawemeyer Award for the best book on religion published in the 1980s for Jesus and Judaism.
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[edit] Biography
Sanders was born and grew up in Grand Prairie, Texas. He attended Wesleyan College, Fort Worth (1955-1959) and Perkins School of Theology at Southern Methodist University, Dallas (1959-1962). He spent a year (1962-1963) studying at Göttingen, the University of Oxford and in Jerusalem.
Between September 1963 and May 1966 Sanders studied at Union Theological Seminary, New York for his Th.D His thesis was entitled The Tendencies of the Synoptic Tradition (published in 1969), which used form criticism to examine whether the Gospel tradition changed in consistent ways..
He taught at McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario) from 1966 to 1984. In 1968 he won a fellowship from the Canada Council and spent a year in Israel, studying Rabbinical Judaism.
In 1984 he became Dean Ireland's Professor of Exegesis at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Queen's College, positions he kept until his move to Duke University in 1990. He has also held visiting professorships and lectureships at Trinity College, Dublin, and the University of Cambridge. Sanders identifies himself as a "liberal, modernized protestant" in his book "Jesus and Judaism;" fellow scholar John P. Meier calls him a postliberal Protestant. In any case, he is wary of Albert Schweitzer's indictment of liberal theology's attempt to make Jesus in its own image, and seeks to keep his religious convictions out of his scholarship.
[edit] Thought and writings
Sanders' first major book was Paul and Palestinian Judaism, which was published in 1977. He had written the book by 1975, but had difficulty in having it published due to its controversial nature.
Sanders argued that the traditional Christian argument that Paul was arguing against Rabbinic legalism was a misunderstanding of both Judaism and Paul's thought, especially as it assumed a level of individualism that was not present, and disregarded any notions of group benefit or collective privilege. Rather, the difference was in how a person becomes one of the People of God. Sanders termed the Jewish belief "covenantal nomism": one was in due to God's covenant with Abraham, and one stayed in by keeping the Law. Sanders argued that Paul's belief was one of participationist eschatology: the only way to become one of the People of God was through faith in Christ ("dying to Christ") and the old covenant was no longer sufficient. But, once in, appropriate behaviour was required, based on the Jewish Law, but not necessarily keeping all aspects of it. Both patterns required the grace of God for election (admission), and the behaviour of the individual, supported by God's grace. The dividing line, therefore, was Paul's insistence on faith in Christ as the only way to election.
Sanders' next major book was Jesus and Judaism, published in 1985. In this he argued that Jesus began as a follower of John the Baptist and was a prophet of the restoration of Israel. Sanders saw Jesus as creating an eschatological Jewish movement through his appointment of the Apostles and through his preaching and actions. After his execution (the trigger for which was Jesus overthrowing the tables in the temple court of Herod's Temple, thereby challenging the political authorities who then sought his death) his followers continued his movement, expecting his return to restore Israel, part of which was Gentiles worshiping the God of Israel. Sanders could find no substantial points of opposition between Jesus and the Pharisees, especially as Jesus did not transgress any part of the law. He argues that Jesus did not oppose or reject the Jewish law and that the disciples continued to keep it, as is shown by their continued worship in the Temple (e.g. Acts 3.1; 21.23-26). Sanders also argues that Jesus' sayings did not entirely determine Early Christian behaviour and attitude, as is shown by Paul's discussion of divorce (1 Cor. 7.10-16), who quotes Jesus' sayings and then gives his own independent rules.
Judaism: Practice and Belief was published in 1992 and examined the actual practices of Judaism. Sanders argued that there was a "Common Judaism", that is, beliefs and practices common to all Jews, regardless of which party they belonged to. After the reign of Salome Alexandra, the Pharisees were a small but very respected party which had a varying amount of influence within Judaism. The main source of power however was with the rulers and especially the aristocratic priesthood (Sadducees). Sanders argues that the evidence indicates that the Pharisees did not dictate policy to any of these groups or individuals.
Sanders also argues that more comparative studies are needed, with wider examinations between the New Testament, ancient history and all the available ancient sources. Speaking at a conference organised in his honour, he argued "They are not all that easy, but they are an awful lot of fun."
[edit] Books and articles
These are some of the published works of Sanders:
- The Tendencies of the Synoptic Tradition 1969 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-07318-9
- Paul and Palestinian Judaism 1977 SCM Press ISBN 0-8006-1899-8
- Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People 1983 Augsburg Fortress Publishers ISBN 0-8006-1878-5
- Jesus and Judaism 1985 SCM Press ISBN 0-334-02091-3
- With Margaret Davies, Studying the Synoptic Gospels 1989 SCM Press ISBN 0-334-02342-4
- Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah 1990 SCM Press ISBN 0-334-02102-2
- Paul 1991 Oxford Paperbacks ISBN 0-19-287679-1
- Judaism: Practice and Belief 1992 SCM Press ISBN 0-334-02470-6
- The Historical Figure of Jesus 1993 Penguin Books Ltd ISBN 0-14-014499-4
- Paul: A Very Short Introduction 2001 Oxford Paperbacks ISBN 0-19-285451-8
- "Jesus’ Galilee," Fair Play: Diversity and Conflicts in Early Christianity. In, Essays in Honor of Heikki Räisänen, eds. Ismo Dunderberg, Kari Syreeni, Christopher Tuckett (Leiden: Brill 2001), pp. 3-41.
- "Jesus’ Relation to Sepphoris," Sepphoris in Galilee. In, Crosscurrents of Culture, eds. Rebecca Martin Nagy, Eric M. Meyers, Carol L. Meyers, and Zeev Weiss (Raleigh: North Carolina Museum of Art, 1996), pp. 75-9.
