Help:Footnotes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|
This page explains how to create numbered footnotes and references using <ref>
,</ref>
, and <references/>
syntax, which is the current best-practice method in most circumstances.
For the policy about the need and choice of sources to cite see Wikipedia:Verifiability, and Wikipedia:Citing sources.
[edit] Inserting references or footnotes
[edit] Single citation of a reference or footnote
At the point of citation in the main text, enter the reference or footnote like this:
<ref>Excel For Dummies, First Edition, Hungry Minds, Inc., 1980.</ref>
You can include formatting and links in the footnote or reference text in the usual way.
[edit] Multiple citations of the same reference or footnote
To cite the same reference or footnote several times, identify it using the name
parameter of the <ref>
tag.
At one of the citation points (it makes sense to choose the first), enter the reference like this:
<ref name="Perry">Perry's Handbook, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill Co., 1984.</ref>
Then, at all the other citation points just enter:
<ref name="Perry"/>
[edit] Using templates to insert reference text
A number of templates, such as a generic {{citation}}, or more specific {{cite book}}, {{cite web}}, etc., are available to format the text between <ref>
and </ref>
tags in a more structured way. These are described at Wikipedia:Citation templates. Their use is optional: they do aid with consistent formatting, but on the other hand they can make editing more cumbersome.
[edit] Producing the reference or footnote list
At the point where you want the text of the footnotes or references to appear (usually at the end of the article in a "Notes" or "References" section), insert the tag:
<references/>
The temmplate {{reflist}} is an alternative, mostly if there are many footnotes.
[edit] References or footnotes missing
When you want to note that a reference is needed, use the template {{fact}} within the text, in the same place where the <ref>
should be.
If many footnotes and/or references are needed consider tagging the article with a specific template, instead of tagging every referenced needed.
[edit] What it looks like
The <ref>
tags in the main text are converted to auto-numbered superscripts, and {{fact}} is expanded to "citation needed", like this:
The only reference to Excel For Dummies.[1] The first reference to Perry's Handbook.[2] The second reference to Perry's Handbook and to another, related book.[2][3] A statement that requires a reference.[citation needed] The only reference to Linux in a Nutshell.[4] And third reference to Perry's Handbook.[2] |
Clicking on a numbered superscript takes you straight to the text of the corresponding footnote or reference.
The <references/>
tag is expanded to show the text of the footnotes or references against their corresponding numbers, like this:
For single citations, clicking on the caret (^) takes you to the point of citation in the main text. For multiple citations, the links back to the main text are distinguished by letter superscripts (a, b, c etc.). Clicking on a letter superscript takes you to the corresponding citation in the main text.
[edit] Technical note
A MediaWiki site (such as Wikipedia) must have the extension Cite/Cite.php
implemented to have the <ref>
and <references/>
tags rendered. Extensions like Cite/Cite.php
are installed after installing MediaWiki.
[edit] See also
- Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners - a step by step guide
- Wikipedia:Footnotes - Further details on this method, specific to Wikipedia
- Wikipedia:Embedded citations
- m:help:footnotes - General MediaWiki footnotes documentation
- Wikipedia:Footnote3 - An older method, obsolete except for Harvard references
- mw:Extension:Cite/Cite.php - technical details about cite.php technology