Exceptionalism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Exceptionalism is the perception that a country, society, institution, movement, or time period is "exceptional" (ie. unusual or extraordinary) in some way, and thus does not conform to normal rules, general principles, or the like. Used in this sense, such a perception reflects a belief formed by lived experience, ideology, perceptual frames, or perspectives influenced by knowledge (or lack thereof) of historical or comparative circumstances.
Countries of all kinds, including the modern United States, Britain at the height of the British Empire, Imperial Japan, Iran, Venezuela, Israel, the USSR and Nazi Germany have claimed manifest exceptionality, as have many historic empires such as Ancient Rome and China, and a wide range of minor kingdoms and tribes in history. In each case a basis has been presented as to why the country is exceptional compared to all other countries, drawing upon circumstance, cultural background and mythos, and self-perceived national aims.
[edit] Study of or debate over degree of separateness
[1] The term is often used to describe surprising developments in economic progression, such as the economic growth of post-World War II Western Europe [2] or the ability of Sweden to generate small-business growth while yet maintaining high levels of taxation. [3] Exceptionalism can represent an error analogous to historicism in assuming that only peculiarities are relevant to analysis while overlooking meaningful comparisons. "[W]hat is seemingly exceptional in one country may be found in other countries." [4] As indigenous peoples explore their respective cultural heritages, their seeking to be separately classified or newly-understood may be a form of exceptionalism. [5]
In ideologically-driven debates, a group may assert exceptionalism, with or without the term, in order to exaggerate the appearance of difference, perhaps to create an atmosphere permissive of a wider latitude of action, and to avoid recognition of similarities that would reduce perceived justifications. If unwarranted this is an example of special pleading, a form of spurious argumentation that ignores relevant bases for meaningful comparison. Groups, likewise, may be accused of exceptionalism, perhaps for avoiding normal terms of analysis. [6] The term may be a marker for an implication that a point of view is widely misunderstood, such as the notion that Islamic jihad is misunderstood. [7] The term "AIDS exceptionalism" is used to imply that AIDS is a contagious disease treated differently from other contagions [8] or resulting in benefits not available to those suffering from other contagions. [9] The term can imply a criticism of a tendency to remain separate from others. For example, the reluctance of the United States government to join various international treaties is sometimes called 'exceptionalist', [10] as is an assertion that a person or group is refusing to acknowledge, and perhaps communally participate in, a widely-accepted principle or practice. [11] In editorial language, the term may be a marker for 'the extent to which a region or group is justifiably or factually distinct'. [12]
[edit] See also
- Human exceptionalism
- Egocentrism
- Chosen people
- American exceptionalism (USA)
- European exceptionalism
- Sonderweg
- Nihonjinron
- God's Own Country (New Zealand)
- Third Rome (Russia)
- Mission civilisatrice de la France
