Khagan

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For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article

Khagan or Great Khan (Old Turkic kaɣan ^[1]; Mongolian: хаган; Chinese: 可汗; pinyin: kèhán; alternatively spelled Chagan, Khaghan, Kagan, Kağan, Qagan, Qaghan), is a title of imperial rank in the Turkic and Mongolian languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a Khaganate (empire, greater than an ordinary Khanate, but often referred to as such in western languages). It may also be translated as Khan of Khans, equivalent to King of Kings. In modern Mongolian, the title became Khaan with the 'g' sound becoming almost silent or non-existent [i.e., a very light voiceless velar fricative].

The common western rendering as Great Khan or Grand Khan, notably in the case of the Mongol Empire, is technically not correct, but it has been well established by long-standing convention and is reasonably clear in suggesting paramount status.

Contents 1 Origin 2 Mongol Khaghans 3 Among Turkic peoples 4 Among the Slavs 5 Notes 6 Sources and references

[edit] Origin

The title was first seen in a speech between 283 and 289, when the Xianbei chief Murong Tuyuhun tried to escape from his younger step-brother Murong Hui, and began his route from Liaodong to the areas of Ordos Desert. In the speech one of the Murong's general named Yinalou addressed him as kehan (可寒, later as 可汗), some sources suggests that Tuyuhun might also have used the title after settling at Koko Nor in the 3rd century.^[2]

The first to adopt the title for the state was the nomadic Juan Juan confederacy (4th–6th century AD) or the Xianbei, on China's northern border.

The Avars, who may have included Juan Juan elements after the Turks crushed the Juan Juan who ruled Mongolia, also used this title. The Avars invaded Europe, and for over a century ruled the Hungarian region. Westerners Latinized the title "Khagan" into "Gaganus" or Cagan et Iugurro principibus Hunorum.

[edit] Mongol Khaghans

Main article: List of Mongol Khans

The Khaghans of the Mongol Empire were:

• Genghis
• Ögedei
• Güyüg
• Möngke
• Khubilai

The Secret History of the Mongols, written for that very dynasty, clearly distinguishes Khaghan and Khan: only Genghis and his ruling descendants are called Khaghan, while other rulers are referred to as Khan. Over time, though, the distinction became blurred by the large number of rulers who claimed it.

The gh sound in "Khaghan" later weakened and disappeared becoming Khaan in modern Mongolian.

[edit] Among Turkic peoples

The title became associated with the Ashina rulers of the Göktürks and their dynastic successors among such peoples as the Khazars (cf. the compound military title Khagan Bek). Minor rulers were rather relegated to the lower title of Khan.

Interestingly, both Khakhan as such and the Turkish form Hakan, with the specification in Arabic al-Barrayn wa al-Bahrayn (meaning literally "of both lands and both seas"), or rather fully in Ottoman Turkish Hakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn, were among the titles in the official full style of the Great Sultan (and later Caliph) of the Ottoman Empire (Sultan Hân N.N., Padishah, Hünkar, Sovereign of the House of Osman, Sultan of Sultans, Khan of Khans, Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe; next followed a series of specifical 'regional' titles, starting with Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem), reflecting the historical legitimation of the dynasty's rule as political successor to various conquered (often Islamised) states.

[edit] Among the Slavs

Main article: Rus' Khaganate

In the early 10th century, princes of Eastern Slavs employed the title of kagan (or qaghan), reported by the Arab geographer Ibn Rusta writing between 903 and 913. This tradition endured in the eleventh century, as the metropolitan of Russia Hilarion calls both grand prince Vladimir (978–1015) and grand prince Iaroslav (1019–1054) by the title of kagan, while a graffito on the walls of the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kiev gives the same title to the son of Iaroslav, grand prince Sviatoslav II (1073–1076).

[edit] Notes

[edit] Sources and references

• Mark Whittow, The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1996.
• Zhou, Weizhou [1985] (2006). A History of Tuyuhun. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press. ISBN 7-5633-6044-1.
• Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China . Cambridge University Press, 1978. web page

v • d • e Mongol Empire
Politics, organization and daily life	Military campaigns and battles		People		Terms
Organization of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan Mongol military tactics and organization Daily life in the Mongol Empire Christianity among the Mongols Franco-Mongol alliance Armeno-Mongol alliance Destruction under Mongol Empire Khanates Ilkhanate Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Yuan Dynasty Notable cities Karakorum Samarkand Sarai Batu Sarai Berke Tabriz Dadu Bolghar Bukhara Ukek Majar Azaq Saray-Jük Xacitarxan		Asia Invasion of Central Asia Invasion of East Asia 1205–1209 Western China 1211–1234 Northern China Mongol invasions of Korea Battle of Bun'ei (first) Battle of Ngasaunggyan (first) Battle of Yamen Battle of Kōan (second) Battle of Pagan (second) Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) (third) Mongol invasions of Vietnam (first) 1292 India (first) 1293 Java 1297 India (second) 1299 India (third) Invasion of Middle East Battle of Köse Dag 1251–1259 Persia and Mesopotamia (Timur) Battle of Baghdad (1258) Mongol invasions of Syria Battle of Ain Jalut (first) Mongol raids into Palestine Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar (third) Invasion of Europe Mongol invasions of Georgia Battle of Kalka River Battle of Samara Bend (first) Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria (second) Mongol invasion of Rus Battle of Legnica Battle of Mohi Timeline of the Tataro-Mongol Yoke in Russia		Emperors and rulers Genghis Khan Börte Ögedei Khan Tolui Khan Töregene Khatun Güyük Khan Möngke Khan Chagatai Khan Kublai Khan Prominent military generals Subutai Jebe Muqali Negudar Bo'orchu Borokhul Jelme Chilaun Khubilai Guo Kan Kadan Burundai Nogai Khan		Titles Khagan Khan and Khatan Jinong Khong Tayiji Political and military terms Yam Pax Mongolica Yassa Kurultai Nerge Mangudai Tumen

edit	Khagans of Mongol Empire
Genghis Khan (1215–1227) | Tolui Khan (regent) (1227–1229) | Ögedei Khan (1229–1241) | Töregene Khatun (regent) (1241–1245) | Güyük Khan (1246–1248) | Möngke Khan (1251–1259) | Khublai Khan (1260–1294)