Sea Dart missile
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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| Type | surface-to-air, surface-to-surface | ||
| Nationality | UK | ||
| Era | Cold War | ||
| Launch platform | ship | ||
| Target | aircraft or ship | ||
| History | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Builder | British Aerospace | ||
| Date of design | |||
| Production period | |||
| Service duration | 1973 | ||
| Operators | UK (Royal Navy), Argentina | ||
| Variants | ? | ||
| Number built | 2,000+ | ||
| Specifications | |||
| Type | |||
| Diameter | 0.42 m | ||
| Wing span | 0.9 m | ||
| Length | 4.4 m | ||
| Weight | 550 kg | ||
| Propulsion | Chow solid fuel booster motor Bristol Siddeley Odin ramjet cruise motor |
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| Steering | control surfaces | ||
| Guidance | semi-active radar illuminated by radar Type 909 | ||
| Speed | Mach 2.0+ | ||
| Range | 2 - 30 NM+ (3.7 - 55.5 km) | ||
| Ceiling | Greater than 10,000 metres | ||
| Payload | |||
| Warhead | 22 kilograms HE. Blast-fragmentation | ||
| Trigger | proximity fuze and contact | ||
Sea Dart or Guided Weapon System (GWS) 30 is a British surface-to-air missile system designed by Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and built by British Aerospace (BAe).
It was fitted to the Type 42 (UK and Argentina) and Type 82 guided missile air defence destroyers and Invincible class light aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy.
Contents |
[edit] History
Sea Dart began as Hawker Siddeley project CF.299, a weapon to replace the Royal Navy's first-generation long-range surface-to-air missile, Sea Slug. It entered service in 1973 on the sole Type 82 destroyer HMS Bristol before widespread deployment on the Type 42 destroyer. The missile system was also fitted to Invincible class aircraft carrier but was removed during refits in the 1998-2000 period to increase the area of the flight deck and below-decks stowage associated with the operation of RAF Harrier GR9 aircraft.
[edit] Design
Sea Dart is a two-stage, 4.4 m long missile weighing 550 kg. It is launched using a drop-off Chow solid-fuelled booster that accelerates it to the supersonic speed necessary for the operation of the cruise motor, a Rolls-Royce (Bristol Aerojet) kerosene-fuelled Odin ramjet. This gives a cruise speed of over Mach 2.5, and unlike many rocket powered designs the cruise engine burns for the entire flight, giving excellent terminal manoeuvrability at extreme range. It is capable of engaging targets out to at least 30 nautical miles over a wide range of altitudes. It has a secondary capability against small surface vessels, tested against a 'Brave' class fast patrol boat, although the warhead is too small to inflict major damage on larger vessels.
Guidance is by proportional navigation and a semi-active radar homing system using the nose intake cone and four aerials around the intake as an interferometer aerial, with targets being identified by a Type 1022 surveillance radar (originally radar Type 965) and illuminated by 1 of a pair of radar Type 909. This allows two targets to be engaged simultaneously in initial versions, with later variants (see below) able to engage more. Firing is from a twin-arm trainable launcher that is loaded automatically from below decks. The original launcher seen on the Bristol was significantly larger than that which appeared on the Type 42 and Invincible classes. Initial difficulties with launcher reliability have been resolved.
[edit] Combat Service
[edit] Falklands War
Sea Dart was used during the Falklands War (1982) and is credited with seven confirmed kills (plus one British Gazelle helicopter downed by friendly fire). One kill was against a high-flying Learjet reconnaissance aircraft beyond the missile's stated technical envelope. In another engagement, a high-flying Argentinian Canberra bomber was shot down. Other kills were made against low-flying attack aircraft. Sea Dart provided rather more defence than these raw statistics show, denying the higher altitudes to enemy aircraft. This was important because Argentinian aircraft such as the Mirage had better high speed, high altitude performance than Royal Navy Sea Harriers, which were unlikely to successfully intercept them. The Argentine losses officially recorded were two A-4 Skyhawks, one Puma, one Canberra and one Learjet. Another two A-4 Skyhawks were possibly damaged.
The first claim was the Puma, surprised on May 9th 1982 near Port Stanley by HMS Coventry and shot down by a single missile, with the loss of 16 men aboard. Three days later, HMS Glasgow was patrolling near Port Stanley with the frigate HMS Brilliant when four A-4s attacked at low level. All but one were shot down by Sea Wolfs. Then a second wave of four machines arrived. Neither Sea Dart nor Sea Wolf functioned to contest these incoming aircraft, and Glasgow had a lucky escape when a bomb passed through her flank into the sea without exploding.
The next action saw the sinking of Coventry, on the 25th of May, and again no Sea Dart was able to engage the A-4s, although one was launched "blind" (without radar control) in an effort to disrupt the enemy attack. HMS Broadsword was unable to defend against the aircraft either, due to a malfunctioning Sea Wolf system. This time the destroyer was struck by three bombs and sunk.
That same day a Super Etendard sought to attack the British carrier group with Exocet missiles, but mistakenly struck the Atlantic Conveyor. Invincible fired six missiles in less than two minutes, but all missed.
On May 30th, during the last of the air attacks against the British fleet, the most successful engagements with Sea Dart occurred, with Exeter credited with two A-4s (out of four machines) downed, despite them flying only 10-15 meters above the sea (theoretically below the minimum altitude, 30 m). One of the two was engaged by a Type 21 frigate with her 114mm main gun[citation needed].
On June 6th Exeter downed a Learjet 35A used as recce aircraft, at 12,000 m (12 km) altitude, but missed a second one.
Finally, a Canberra was hit on the 13th of June, again flying at 12,000 m.
In total at least eighteen missiles were launched by Type 42 destroyers, and six by Invincible. Out of five missiles fired against helicopters or high flying aircraft, four were successful, but only two of nineteen fired at low level machines hit: just eleven percent.
The Argentinian Navy was well aware of the Sea Dart's capabilities and limitations, having two Type 42s of its own. Consequently, Argentinian planes, opting to fly below the Type 965 radar's beam ("sea skimming"), frequently dropped bombs which failed to explode, because a small propeller on each bomb's nose which armed the fuze had insufficient time to complete the number of anticlockwise revolutions required to release the weighted striker and arm the fuze. Unless the weighted striker was released and free to travel (held back from the detonator only by a creep spring), the fuze remained in safe mode and would not function on impact.
However, Sea Dart was found to be unsatisfactory when operating close inshore as it was unable to lock onto targets at distance obscured by land, or fast-moving low-level targets obscured in ground clutter or sea-returns. These shortcomings were more damning of the Type 42 destroyer than Sea Dart itself, as Batch 1 ships of the class were fitted with obsolete 1950s-era radar Type 965 (later ships, including Exeter which served in the Falklands, had the more advanced Type 1022 radar) and had no other defence against aircraft apart from a pair of World War 2-vintage 20 mm guns.
[edit] Gulf War (1991)
In February 1991 during the Gulf War the battleship USS Missouri, escorted by HMS Gloucester (carrying Sea Dart) and the USS Jarrett (equipped with Phalanx CIWS), was engaged by an Iraqi Silkworm missile (also known as a Seersucker). After an unsuccessful response from the Phalanx 20 mm CIWS of Jarrett, which targeted chaff launched by the Missouri rather than the incoming missile, the Silkworm missile was intercepted and destroyed by a Sea Dart fired from Gloucester. This engagement was the first validated, successful engagement of a missile by a missile during combat at sea.
[edit] Variants
The Sea Dart has been upgraded over the years - notably its electronics - as technology advances. The following Modification standards have been fielded:
- Mod 0 — Basic 1960s version, used in the Falklands. Vacuum-tube technology. Range circa 40 nm.
- Mod 1 — Improved Sea Dart. Upgraded version 1983-1986. Updated guidance systems possibly allowing some capability against sea-skimming targets and much greater reliability.
- Mod 2 — 1989-1991. Upgrade included ADIMP (Air Defence IMProvement) which saw the replacement of six old circuit cards in the guidance system with one, allowing the spare volume to be used for an autopilot. Used alongside a command datalink (sited on the Type 909 pedestal) it allows several missiles to be 'in the air' at once, re-targeted during flight etc. and allows an initial ballistic trajectory, doubling range to 80 nm with the upgraded 909(I) radar for terminal illumination only.
- Mod 3 — Latest version with new Infrared fuze. Delayed eight years from 1994 to 2002.
The Sea Dart Mark 2, GWS 31, (a.k.a. Sea Dart II - not to be confused with Mod 2, above) development was cancelled in 1981. This was intended to allow 'off the rail' manoeuvres with additional controls added to the booster. The Mark 2 was reduced to Advanced Sea Dart, then Enhanced Sea Dart and finally Improved Sea Dart.
Guardian was a proposed land-based system of radars, control stations and a box-launched version of Sea Dart proposed in the 1980s for use as a land-based air defence system for the Falkland Islands. A similar lightweight box-launched version was also proposed for small naval craft.
[edit] Withdrawal
The Sea Dart equipped Type 42s are reaching the end of their service lives, with some vessels already retired. They will be replaced by the larger Type 45 class which is armed with the much more capable PAAMS missile system. The first of class began sea trials in July 2007 and will enter service in 2009.[1]
[edit] References
- ^ "HMS Daring sets sail for trials", BBC. Retrieved on 2007-07-19.
- Britain's Modern Royal Navy, Paul Beaver, Patrick Stephens Limited, 1996 ISBN 1-85260-442-5
- Naval Armament, Doug Richardson, Jane's Publishing, 1981, ISBN 0-531-03738-X
- War Machines enciclopedy, Limited publishing, 1984 page 866 (Italian version printed by De Agostini) and page 1260-1268
- Enciclopedy War Machines, 1265-70 and 864-65 (Italian edition)
[edit] See also
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|---|---|---|
| Air-to-air |
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| Air-to-surface | ||
| Surface-to-air |
Bloodhound · Blowpipe · Javelin · Rapier · Sea Cat · Sea Dart · Sea Slug · Sea Wolf · Starburst · Starstreak · Tigercat · Thunderbird |
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| Surface-to-surface | ||
| Strategic and tactical nuclear |
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| 1 Anglo-French 2 Anglo-Australian | ||
