Scottish Gaelic

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Scottish Gaelic Gàidhlig
Bilingual roadsign in Mallaig:
Pronunciation:	[ˈkɑːlʲɪkʲ]
Spoken in:	Scotland, Canada, United States, Australia
Region:	Parts of the Scottish Highlands, Western Isles, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Formerly all of mainland Scotland, albeit marginally in the southeast (parts of Lothian and Borders) and possibly eastern Caithness.
Total speakers:	58,552 [1]. 92,400 people aged three and over in Scotland had some Gaelic language ability in 2001[2] with an additional 900 in Nova Scotia. [3] 1,610 speakers in the United States in 2000.[4] 822 in Australia in 2001.[5]
Language family:	Indo-European  Celtic   Insular Celtic    Goidelic     Scottish Gaelic
Official status
Official language in:	Scotland
Regulated by:	Bòrd na Gàidhlig
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	gd
ISO 639-2:	gla
ISO 639-3:	gla
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. This branch also includes the Irish and Manx languages. It is distinct from the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages, which includes Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. Scottish, Manx and Irish Gaelic are all descended from Old Irish. The language is often described as Scottish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, or Gàidhlig to avoid confusion with the other two Goidelic languages. Outside Scotland, it is occasionally also called Scottish, a usage dating back over 1,500 years; for example Old English Scottas. Scottish Gaelic should not be confused with Scots, because since the 16th century the word Scots has by-and-large been used to describe the Lowland Anglic language, which developed from the northern form of early Middle English. In Scottish English, Gaelic is pronounced [ˈgaːlɪk]; outside Scotland, it is usually pronounced /ˈgeɪlɪk/.

Contents 1 History 2 Current distribution in Scotland 3 Orthography 4 Pronunciation 4.1 Vowels 4.2 Digraphs 4.3 Consonants 4.3.1 Aspiration vs Voicing of Gaelic Stops 4.3.2 Broad vs Slender 4.3.3 Lenition and spelling 4.4 Stress 4.5 Epenthesis 4.6 Elision 4.7 Tones 5 Grammar 6 Official recognition 6.1 Media 6.2 Geography 6.3 Parliament 6.4 Education 7 Church 8 Personal names 9 Loanwords 10 Common Scottish Gaelic words and phrases with Irish and Manx equivalents 11 See also 12 References 13 Resources 14 External links 14.1 Scottish Gaelic for beginners

[edit] History

Gaelic, a descendant of the Goidelic branch of Celtic and closely related to Irish, is the traditional language of the Scotti or Gaels, and became the historical language of the majority of Scotland after it replaced Cumbric, Pictish and Old Norse. It is not clear how long Gaelic has been spoken in what is now Scotland; it has lately been proposed^{[citation needed]} that it was spoken in Argyll before the Roman period, but no consensus has been reached on this question. However, the consolidation of the kingdom of Dál Riata around the 4th century, linking the ancient province of Ulster in the north of Ireland and western Scotland, accelerated the expansion of Gaelic, as did the success of the Gaelic-speaking church establishment. Placename evidence shows that Gaelic was spoken in the Rhinns of Galloway by the 5th or 6th century.^{[citation needed]}

The Gaelic language eventually displaced Pictish north of the Forth, and until the late 15th century it was known in English as Scottis. Gaelic began to decline in mainland Scotland by the beginning of the 13th century, and with this went a decline in its status as a national language. By the beginning of the 15th century, the highland-lowland line was beginning to emerge.^{[citation needed]}

By the early 16th century, English speakers gave the Gaelic language the name Erse (meaning Irish) and thereafter it was invariably the collection of Middle English dialects spoken within the Kingdom of the Scots that they referred to as Scottis (whence Scots). This was ironic as it was at this time that Gaelic was developing its distinctly Scottish forms characteristic of the Modern period^[6]. Nevertheless, Gaelic has never been entirely displaced of national language status, and is still recognised by many Scots,^{[citation needed]} whether or not they speak Gaelic, as being a crucial part of the nation's culture. Of course, others may view it primarily as a regional language of the highlands and islands.^{[citation needed]}

Gaelic has a rich oral (beul-aithris) and written tradition, having been the language of the bardic culture of the Highland clans for several centuries. The language preserved knowledge of and adherence to pre-feudal laws and customs (as represented, for example, by the expressions tuatha and dùthchas). The language suffered especially as Highlanders and their traditions were persecuted after the Battle of Culloden in 1746, and during the Highland Clearances, but pre-feudal attitudes were still evident in the complaints and claims of the Highland Land League of the late 19th century: this political movement was successful in getting members elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Land League was dissipated as a parliamentary force by the 1886 Crofters' Act and by the way the Liberal Party was seen to become supportive of Land League objectives.^{[citation needed]}

The first translation of the Bible into Scottish Gaelic was not made until 1767 when Dr James Stuart of Killin and Dugald Buchanan of Rannoch produced a translation of the New Testament. Very few European languages have made the transition to a modern literary language without an early modern translation of the Bible. The lack of such a translation until the late eighteenth century undoubtedly contributed to the decline of Scottish Gaelic.^[7]

Scottish Gaelic may be more correctly known as Highland Gaelic to distinguish it from the now defunct Lowland Gaelic. Lowland Gaelic was spoken across southern Scotland in varying degrees. It was most common in Galloway, where extensive settlement from the Norse/Gaelic communities of the Isles and highland seaboard had taken place in the wake of Scottish conquest. Elsewhere, it was the language of a significant proportion of the elite that governed communities that spoke either the 'native' Brythonic language of the region or the Old English that had greatly increased in significance since the Northumbrian conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries. By the end of the Middle Ages, Lowland Gaelic had largely been replaced by the Middle English/Lowland Scots^{[citation needed]} that descended from the Anglo-Saxon tongue, while the Brythonic language had disappeared. There is, however, no evidence of a linguistic border following the topographical north-south differences. Similarly, there is no evidence from placenames of significant linguistic differences between, for example, Argyll and Galloway. Dialects on both sides of the Straits of Moyle (the North Channel) linking Scottish Gaelic with Irish are now extinct.

According to a reference in The Carrick Covenanters by James Crichton (Undated. “Printed at the Office of Messrs. Arthur Guthrie and Sons Ltd., 49 Ayr Road, Cumnock.”), the last place in the Lowlands where Gaelic was still spoken was the village of Barr in Carrick (only a few miles inland to the east of Girvan, but at one time very isolated).

Gaelic speakers in Scotland (1755 - 2001)

Year	Scottish population	Speakers of Gaelic only	Speakers of Gaelic and English	Speakers of Gaelic and English as % of population
1755	1,265,380	289,798	N/A	N/A (22.9 monoglot Gaelic)
1800	1,608,420	297,823	N/A	N/A (18.5 monoglot Gaelic)
1881	3,735,573	231,594	N/A	N/A (6.1 monoglot Gaelic)
1891	4,025,647	43,738	210,677	5.2
1901	4,472,103	28,106	202,700	4.5
1911	4,760,904	18,400	183,998	3.9
1921	4,573,471	9,829	148,950	3.3
1931	4,588,909	6,716	129,419	2.8
1951	5,096,415	2,178	93,269	1.8
1961	5,179,344	974	80,004	1.5
1971	5,228,965	477	88,415	1.7
1981	5,035,315	N/A	82,620	1.6
1991	5,083,000	N/A	65,978	1.4
2001	5,062,011	N/A	58,650	1.2

[edit] Current distribution in Scotland

The 2001 UK Census showed a total of 58,652 Gaelic speakers in Scotland (1.2% of population over three years old).^[8] Compared to the 1991 Census, there has been a diminution of approximately 7,300 people (11% of the total), meaning that Gaelic decline (language shift) in Scotland is continuing. To date, attempts at language revival or reversing language shift have been met with limited success.

Considering the data related to Civil Parishes (which permit a continuous study of Gaelic status since the 19th century), two new circumstances have taken place, which are related to this decline:

• No parish in Scotland has a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 75% any more (the highest value corresponds to Barvas, Lewis, with 74.7%).
• No parish in mainland Scotland has a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 25% any more (the highest value corresponds to Lochalsh, Highland, with 20.8%).

The main stronghold of the language continues to be the Western Isles (Na h-Eileanan Siar), where the overall proportion of speakers remains at 61.1% and all parishes return values over 50%. The Parish of Kilmuir in Northern Skye is also over this threshold of 50%.

Proportions over 20% register throughout the isles of Skye, Raasay, Tiree, Islay and Colonsay, and the already mentioned parish of Lochalsh in Highland.

Regardless of this, the weight of Gaelic in Scotland is now much reduced. From a total of almost 900 Civil Parishes in Scotland:

• Only 9 of them have a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 50%.
• Only 20 of them have a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 25%.
• Only 39 of them have a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 10%.

Outside the main Gaelic-speaking areas a relatively high proportion of Gaelic-speaking people are, in effect, socially isolated from other Gaelic-speakers and as a result they obtain few opportunities to use the language.

[edit] Orthography

Further information: Scottish Gaelic alphabet

Old Gaelic, the precursor to both Modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic, was written in a carved writing called Ogham. Ogham consisted of marks made above or below a horizontal line. With the advent of Christianity in the 5th century the Latin alphabet was introduced to Ireland. The Goidelic languages have historically been part of a dialect continuum stretching from the south of Ireland, the Isle of Man, to the north of Scotland.

Classical Gaelic was used as a literary language in Ireland until the 17th century and in Scotland until the 18th century. Later orthographic divergence is the result of more recent orthographic reforms resulting in standardised pluricentric diasystems.

The 1767 New Testament historically set the standard for Scottish Gaelic. Around the time of World War II, Irish spelling was reformed and the Official Standard or Caighdeán Oifigiúil introduced. Further reform in 1957 eliminated some of the silent letters which are still used in Scottish Gaelic. The 1981 Scottish Examinations Board recommendations for Scottish Gaelic, the Gaelic Orthographic Conventions, were adopted by most publishers and agencies, although they remain controversial among some academics, most notably Ronald Black.^[9]

The modern Scottish Gaelic alphabet has 18 letters:

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U.

The letter h, now mostly used to indicate lenition of a consonant, was in general not used in the oldest orthography, as lenition was instead indicated with a dot over the lenited consonant. The letters of the alphabet were traditionally named after trees (see Scottish Gaelic alphabet), but this custom has fallen out of use.

The quality of consonants is indicated in writing by the vowels surrounding them. So-called "slender" consonants are palatalised while "broad" consonants are velarised. The vowels e and i are classified as slender, and a, o, and u as broad. The spelling rule known as caol ri caol agus leathann ri leathann ("slender to slender and broad to broad") requires that a word-medial consonant or consonant group followed by a written i or e be also preceded by an i or e; and similarly if followed by a, o or u be also preceded by an a, o, or u. Consonant quality (palatalised or non-palatalised) is then indicated by the vowels written adjacent to a consonant, and the spelling rule gives the benefit of removing possible uncertainty about consonant quality at the expense of adding additional purely graphic vowels that may not be pronounced. For example, compare the t in slàinte [slaːntʃə] with the t in bàta [paːtə].

The rule has no effect on the pronunciation of vowels. For example, plurals in Gaelic are often formed with the suffix -an, for example, bròg [proːk] (shoe) / brògan [proːkən] (shoes). But because of the spelling rule, the suffix is spelled -ean (but pronounced the same) after a slender consonant, as in taigh [tʰɤj] (house) / taighean [tʰɤjən] (houses) where the written e is purely a graphic vowel inserted to conform with the spelling rule because an i precedes the gh.

In changes promoted by the Scottish Examination Board from 1976 onwards, certain modifications were made to this rule. For example, the suffix of the past participle is always spelled -te, even after a broad consonant, as in togte "raised" (rather than the traditional togta).

Where pairs of vowels occur in writing, it is sometimes unclear which vowel is to be pronounced and which vowel has been introduced to satisfy this spelling rule.

Unstressed vowels omitted in speech can be omitted in informal writing. For example:

Tha mi an dòchas. ("I hope.") > Tha mi 'n dòchas.

Once Gaelic orthographic rules have been learned, the pronunciation of the written language can be seen to be quite predictable. However learners must be careful not to try to apply English sound-to-letter correspondences to written Gaelic, otherwise mispronunciations will result. Gaelic personal names such as Seònaid [ˈʃɔːnɛdʒ] are especially likely to be mispronounced by English speakers.

English orthographic rules have also been used at various times in Gaelic writing. Notable examples of Gaelic verse composed in this manner are the Book of the Dean of Lismore and the Fernaig manuscript.

[edit] Pronunciation

[edit] Vowels

Gaelic vowels can have a grave accent, with the letters à, è, ì, ò, ù. Traditional spelling also uses the acute accent on the letters á, é and ó, but texts which follow the spelling reform only use the grave.

A table of vowels with pronunciations in the IPA

Spelling	Pronunciation	English equivalent	As in
a, á	[a], [a]	cat	bata, lochán
à	[aː]	father	bàta
e	[ɛ], [e]	get, late	le, teth
è, é	[ɛː], [eː]	marry, lady	sèimh, fhéin
i	[i], [iː]	tin, sweet	sin, ith
ì	[iː]	evil	mìn
o	[ɔ], [o]	top, boat	poca, bog
ò, ó	[ɔː], [oː]	jaw, donate	pòcaid, mór
u	[u]	brute	tur
ù	[uː]	brood	tùr

Note: The English equivalents given are only approximate. The vowel most commonly found in English cat is not [a] but [æ]. The /a/ in English father is also not phonemically long, but only allophonically, nor is it usually [a:], but instead [ɑː]. The /a/ in English late is often more like a diphthong rather than the pure vowel [e]. The same is true for the /o/ in English boat, which is often more of a diphthong rather than pure [o].

[edit] Digraphs

A table of diphthongs with pronunciations in the IPA

Spelling	Pronunciation	As in
ai	[a], [ə], [ɛ], [i]	caileag, iuchair, geamair, dùthaich
ài	[aː], [ai]	àite, bara-làimhe
ao(i)	[ɯː], [ᵚi]	caol, gaoil, laoidh
ea	[ʲa], [e], [ɛ]	geal, deas, bean
eà	[ʲaː]	ceàrr
èa	[ɛː]	nèamh
ei	[e], [ɛ]	eile, ainmeil
èi	[ɛː]	cèilidh
éi	[eː]	fhéin
eo	[ʲɔ]	deoch
eò(i)	[ʲɔː]	ceòl, feòil
eu	[eː], [ia]	ceum, feur
ia	[iə], [ia]	biadh, dian
io	[i], [ᴊũ]	fios, fionn
ìo	[iː], [iə]	sgrìobh, mìos
iu	[ᴊu]	piuthar
iù(i)	[ᴊuː]	diùlt, diùid
oi	[ɔ], [ɤ]	boireannach, goirid
òi	[ɔː]	fòill
ói	[oː]	cóig
ua(i)	[uə], [ua]	ruadh, uabhasach, duais
ui	[u], [ɯ], [ui]	muir, uighean, tuinn
ùi	[uː]	dùin

[edit] Consonants

Most letters are pronounced similarly to other European languages. The broad consonants t and d and often n have a dental articulation (as in Irish and the Romance and Slavic languages) in contrast to the alveolar articulation common in English and other Germanic languages). Non-palatal r is an alveolar trill (like Italian or Spanish rr.)

	Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Post alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m	n̪		ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	p, b	t̪, d̪			k, g
Affricate			ʧ, ʤ
Fricative	f, v	s	ʃ		x, ɣ
Approximant				j
Lateral		l, ɫ		ʎ
Trill		r
Flap		ɾ

[edit] Aspiration vs Voicing of Gaelic Stops

The "voiced" stops /b, d, g/ are not phonetically voiced [+voice] in Gaelic, but rather voiceless unaspirated. Thus Gaelic /b, d, g/ are really phonetically [p, t, k] [-voice, -aspirated].

The "voiceless" stops /p, t, k/ are voiceless and strongly aspirated (postaspirated in initial position, preaspirated in medial or final position). That is, in syllable onsets Gaelic /p, t, k/ are phonetically [p^h,t^h,k^h], but they are [hp,ht,xk] in syllable-final position. Note that preaspirated stops can also be found in Icelandic. Because of these facts, it can be argued that Gaelic /p, t, k/ are [-voice, +aspirated].

In some Gaelic dialects, stops at the beginning of a stressed syllable become voiced when they follow a nasal consonant, for example: taigh 'a house' is [tʰɤi] but an taigh 'the house' is [ən dʰɤi]; cf. also tombaca 'tobacco' [tʰomˈbaxkə].

[edit] Broad vs Slender

Scottish Gaelic along with Modern Irish, Manx and Old Irish contains what are traditionally referred to as broad and slender (palatalized) consonants. Historically, Primitive Irish consonants preceding the front vowels /e/ and /i/ developed a [j] onglide similar to the palatalized consonants found in Russian (Thurneysen 1946, 1980). Celtic linguists traditionally transcribe slender consonants as /C´/.

Modern languages contrast from Gaelic in the assumed meaning of "broad" and "slender". In modern languages, the phonetic difference between "broad" and "slender" consonants are more complex than mere 'palatalization'. For instance, the Gaelic slender s, phonetically transcribed as /s´/, is actually pronounced as the postalveolar fricative [ʃ], not as [sʲ]. See the consonant chart below for details.

[edit] Lenition and spelling

The lenited consonants have special pronunciations: bh and mh are [v]; ch is [x] or [ç]; dh, gh is [ʝ] or [ɣ]; th is [h], [ʔ], or silent; ph is [f]. Lenition of l n r is not shown in writing. The digraph fh is almost always silent, with only the following three exceptions: fhèin, fhathast, and fhuair, where it is pronounced as [h].

A table of consonants with pronunciations in the IPA. Based on Gillies (1993).

Radical			Lenited
Orthography	Broad	Slender	Orthography	Broad	Slender
b (initial)	[p]	[pj]	bh	[v]	[vj]
b (final)	[p]	[jp]	bh	[v]	[vj]
c (initial)	[kʰ]	[kʰʲ] or [cʰ]	ch	[x]	[ç]
c (final)	[xk]	[kʰʲ] or [çkʲ]	ch	[x]	[ç]
d	[t̪]	[ʤ]	dh	[ɣ]	[ʝ]
f (initial)	[f]	[fj]	fh	silent	silent
f (final)	[f]	[jf]	fh	silent	silent
g	[k]	[kʲ] or [c]	gh	[ɣ]	[ʝ]
l	[ɫ̪]	[ʎ]	l	no change	[ʎ] or [l]
m	[m]	[mj]	mh	[v]	[vj]
n	[n̪ˠ]	[ɲ]	n	[n]	[ɲ] or [n]
p (initial)	[pʰ]	[pjʰ]	ph	[f]	[fj]
p (final)	[hp]	[jhp]	ph	[f]	[fj]
r'	[rˠ]	same as broad	r	[ɾ]	[ɾ]
s	[s̪]	[ʃ]	sh	[h]	[hʲ]
t (initial)	[t̪ʰ]	[tʃʰ]	th	[h]	[hʲ]
t (final)	[ht̪]	[htʃ]	th	[h] or silent	[hj] or [j]

[edit] Stress

Stress is usually on the first syllable: for example drochaid 'a bridge' [ˈtroxaʤ]. (Knowledge of this fact alone would help avoid many a mispronunciation of Highland placenames, for example Mallaig is [ˈmaʊɫækʲ].) Note, though, that when a placename consists of more than one word in Gaelic, the Anglicised form is liable to have stress on the last element: Tyndrum [taɪnˈdrʌm] < Taigh an Droma [tʰɤin ˈdromə]. This is because, unlike English, Gaelic word order places the specific element - adjectives, genitives - after the generic.

[edit] Epenthesis

A distinctive characteristic of Gaelic pronunciation (which has influenced the Scottish accent – cf. girl [gʌrəl] and film [fɪləm]) is the insertion of epenthetic vowels between certain adjacent consonants, specifically, between sonorants (l or r) and certain following consonants:

tarbh (bull) — [t̪ʰarav]

Alba (Scotland) — [aɫ̪apa].

[edit] Elision

Schwa [ə] at the end of a word is dropped when followed by a word beginning with a vowel. For example:

duine (a man) — [ˈt̪ɯɲə]

an duine agad (your man) — [ən ˈt̪ɯɲ akət̪]

[edit] Tones

Word tones are a linguistic device for distinguishing otherwise identical-sounding words. The most well-known cases of languages using word tones are Chinese and Vietnamese, but tonal languages are also to be found in Europe, e.g. Norwegian and Swedish. Of all the Celtic languages, only the dialects of Lewis (Ternes 1980) and Sutherland (Dorian 1978, 60-1) in the extreme north of the Gaelic-speaking area have tones. Phonetically and historically, these resemble the tones of Norway, Sweden and western Denmark. We may assume that the presence of these tones in Lewis and Sutherland is to be attributed to Viking influence. Several hundred pairs can be found in the Scandinavian languages differentiated by having Tone 1 and Tone 2. In Lewis Gaelic it is difficult to find minimum pairs. Among the rare examples are: bodh(a) (underwater rock)and bò (cow), both pronounced "bò"; and fitheach (raven) and fiach (debt), both pronounced "fiach". Another example (with svaranhakti) is the tonal difference between ainm (Tone 2) and anam which has the tonal contour appropriate to a disyllable. These tonal differences are not to be found in Ireland or elsewhere in the Scottish Gaeltachd.

Source: Article: Gaelic: word tones and svarabhakti by RDC (R.D. Clement, Linguistic Survey of Scotland, University of Edinburgh) in The Companion to Gaelic Scotland, p. 108, Ed. Derick S. Thomson, GAIRM, Glasgow 1994.

[edit] Grammar

Main article: Scottish Gaelic grammar

[edit] Official recognition

After centuries of persecution, prejudice and neglect,^[10] Gaelic has now achieved a degree of official recognition with the passage of the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005.

[edit] Media

As well as being taught in schools, including some in which it is the medium of instruction, it is also used by the local council in the Western Isles, Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. The BBC also operates a Gaelic language radio station Radio nan Gàidheal (which regularly transmits joint broadcasts with its Irish counterpart Raidió na Gaeltachta), and there are also television programmes in the language on the BBC and on the independent commercial channels, usually subtitled in English. The ITV franchisee in the north of Scotland, Grampian Television, has a studio in Stornoway. Viewers of Freeview a non-subscription digital TV service can receive the channel TeleG, which broadcasts for an hour every evening.

Gaelic Digital Service similar to S4C in Wales and TG4 in Ireland, is due to be launched in March 2008. As in Wales, the showing of programmes in the language as opt-outs on the main channels has been regarded as inadequate for the 58,552 who speak it.^{[citation needed]} In fact, this annoyance may be largely assumed: the evidence is that at least one Gaelic television programme produced by the BBC attains viewing figures in excess of the number of Gaelic speakers that could view it in Scotland. No complaints are being received by the BBC about Gaelic-language television programmes on BBC TV channels.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Geography

Bilingual road signs (in both Gaelic and English) are gradually being introduced throughout the Gaelic-speaking regions in the Highlands and elsewhere across the nation. In many cases, this has simply meant re-adopting the traditional spelling of a name.

The Ordnance Survey has acted in recent years to correct many of the mistakes that appear on maps. They announced in 2004 that they intended to make amends for a century of Gaelic ignorance and set up a committee to determine the correct forms of Gaelic place names for their maps.

[edit] Parliament

Historically, Gaelic has not received the same degree of official recognition from the UK Government as Welsh. With the advent of devolution, however, Scottish matters have begun to receive greater attention, and the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act was enacted by the Scottish Parliament on 21 April 2005.

The key provisions of the Act are^[11]:

• Establishing the Gaelic development body, Bòrd na Gàidhlig, (BnG), on a statutory basis with a view to securing the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland commanding equal respect to the English language and to promote the use and understanding of Gaelic.
• Requiring BnG to prepare a National Gaelic Language Plan for approval by Scottish Ministers.
• Requiring BnG to produce guidance on Gaelic Education for education authorities.
• Requiring public bodies in Scotland, both Scottish public bodies and cross border public bodies insofar as they carry out devolved functions, to develop Gaelic language plans in relation to the services they offer, if requested to do so by BnG.

Following a consultation period, in which the government received many submissions, the majority of which asked that the bill be strengthened, a revised bill was published with the main improvement that the guidance of the Bòrd is now statutory (rather than advisory).

In the committee stages in the Scottish Parliament, there was much debate over whether Gaelic should be given 'equal validity' with English. Due to Executive concerns about resourcing implications if this wording was used, the Education Committee settled on the concept of 'equal respect'. It is still not clear if the ambiguity of this wording will provide sufficient legal force to back up the demands of Gaelic speakers against the whims of public bodies.

The Act was passed by the Scottish Parliament unanimously, with support from all sectors of the Scottish political spectrum on the 21st of April 2005.

[edit] Education

The Education (Scotland) Act 1872, which completely ignored Gaelic, and led to generations of Gaels being forbidden to speak their native language in the classroom, is now recognised as having dealt a major blow to the language. People still living can recall being beaten for speaking Gaelic in school.^[12] The first modern solely Gaelic-medium secondary school, Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu (‘Glasgow Gaelic School’), was opened at Woodside in Glasgow in 2006 (61 partially Gaelic-medium primary schools and approximately a dozen Gaelic-medium secondary schools also exist). A total of 2,092 primary pupils are enrolled in Gaelic-medium primary education in 2006-7.

In Nova Scotia, there are somewhere between 500 and 1,000 native speakers, most of them now elderly. In May 2004, the Provincial government announced the funding of an initiative to support the language and its culture within the province.

In Prince Edward Island, the Colonel Gray High School is now offering two courses in Gaelic, an introductory and an advanced course, both language and history are taught in these classes. This is the first recorded time that Gaelic has ever been taught as an official course on Prince Edward Island.

The UK government has ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in respect of Gaelic. Along with Irish and Welsh, Gaelic is designated under Part III of the Charter, which requires the UK Government to take a range of concrete measures in the fields of education, justice, public administration, broadcasting and culture.

The Columba Initiative, also known as colmcille (formerly Iomairt Cholm Cille), is a body that seeks to promote links between speakers of Scottish Gaelic and Irish.

However, given there are no longer any unilingual Gaelic speakers,^[13] following an appeal in the court case of Taylor v Haughney (1982), involving the status of Gaelic in judicial proceedings, the High Court ruled against a general right to use Gaelic in court proceedings.^[14]

Under the provisions of the 2005 Act, it will ultimately fall to BnG to secure the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland.

[edit] Church

In the Western Isles, the isles of Lewis, Harris and North Uist have a Presbyterian majority (largely Church of Scotland - Eaglais na h-Alba in Gaelic, Free Church of Scotland and Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland.) The isles of South Uist and Barra have a Catholic majority. All these churches have Gaelic-speaking congregations throughout the Western Isles.

There are Gaelic-speaking congregations in the Church of Scotland, mainly in the Highlands and Islands, but also in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Notable city congregations with regular services in Gaelic are St Columba's Church, Glasgow and Greyfriars Tolbooth & Highland Kirk, Edinburgh. Leabhar Sheirbheisean - a shorter Gaelic version of the English-language Book of Common Order - was published in 1996 by the Church of Scotland, ISBN 0-907624-12-X.

The relationship between the Church and Gaelic has not always been an easy one. The widespread use of English in worship has often been suggested as one of the historic reasons for Gaelic's decline. Whilst the Church of Scotland is supportive today, there is, however, an increasing difficulty in being able to find Gaelic-speaking ministers. The Free Church also recently announced plans to reduce their Gaelic provision by abolishing Gaelic-language communion services, citing both a lack of ministers and a desire to have their congregations united at communion time.^[15]

[edit] Personal names

Gaelic has a number of personal names, such as Aiden, Ailean, Aonghas, Dòmhnall, Donnchadh, Coinneach, Murchadh, for which there are traditional forms in English (Alan, Angus, Donald, Duncan, Kenneth, Murdo). There are also distinctly Scottish Gaelic forms of names that belong to the common European stock of given names, such as: Iain (John), Alasdair (Alexander), Uilleam (William), Catrìona (Catherine), Raibert (Robert), Cairistìona (Christina), Anna (Ann), Màiri (Mary), Seumas (James), Pàdraig (Patrick) and Tómas(Thomas). Some names have come into Gaelic from Old Norse, for example: Somhairle ( < Somarliðr), Tormod (< Þórmóðr), Torcuil (< Þórkell, Þórketill), Ìomhair (Ívarr). These are conventionally rendered in English as Sorley (or, historically, Somerled), Norman, Torquil, and Iver (or Evander). There are other, traditional, Gaelic names which have no direct equivalents in English: Oighrig, which is normally rendered as Euphemia (Effie) or Henrietta (Etta) (formerly also as Henny or even as Harriet), or, Diorbhal, which is "matched" with Dorothy, simply on the basis of a certain similarity in spelling; Gormul, for which there is nothing similar in English, and it is rendered as 'Gormelia' or even 'Dorothy'; Beathag, which is "matched" with Becky (> Rebecca) and even Betsy, or Sophie.

Many of these are now regarded as old-fashioned, and are no longer used (which is, of course, a feature common to many cultures: names go out of fashion). As there is only a relatively small pool of traditional Gaelic names from which to choose, some families within the Gaelic-speaking communities have in recent years made a conscious decision when naming their children to seek out names that are used within the wider English-speaking world. These names do not, of course, have an equivalent in Gaelic. What effect that practice (if it becomes popular) might have on the language remains to be seen. At this stage (2005), it is clear that some native Gaelic-speakers are willing to break with tradition. Opinion on this practice is divided; whilst some would argue that they are thereby weakening their link with their linguistic and cultural heritage, others take the opposing view that Gaelic, as with any other language, must retain a degree of flexibility and adaptability if it is to survive in the modern world at all.

The well-known name Hamish, and the recently established Mhairi (pronounced [va:ri]) come from the Gaelic for, respectively, James, and Mary, but derive from the form of the names as they appear in the vocative case: Seumas (James) (nom.) → Sheumais (voc.), and, Màiri (Mary) (nom.) → Mhàiri (voc.).

The most common class of Gaelic surnames are, of course, those beginning with mac (Gaelic for son), such as MacGillEathain (MacLean). The female form is nic (Gaelic for daughter), so Catherine MacPhee is properly called in Gaelic, Caitrìona Nic a' Phì. [Strictly, "nic" is a contraction of the Gaelic phrase "nighean mhic", meaning "daughter of the son", thus Nic Dhomhnuill, really means "daughter of MacDonald" rather than "daughter of Donald".] Although there is a common misconception that "mac" means "son of", the "of" part actually comes from the genitive form of the patronymic that follows the prefix "Mac", e.g., in the case of MacNéill, Néill (of Neil) is the genitive form of Niall (Neil).

Several colours give rise to common Scottish surnames: bàn (Bain - white), ruadh (Roy - red), dubh (Dow - black), donn (Dunn - brown), buidhe (Bowie - yellow).

[edit] Loanwords

The majority of Scottish Gaelic's vocabulary is native Celtic. There are a large number of borrowings from Latin, (muinntir, Didòmhnaich), ancient Greek, especially in the religious domain (eaglais, Bìoball from Ekklesia and Biblia), Norse (eilean, sgeir), Hebrew (Sàbaid, Aba) and Lowland Scots (aidh, bramar).

In common with other Indo-European languages, the neologisms which are coined for modern concepts are typically based on Greek or Latin, although written in Gaelic orthography; television, for instance, becomes telebhisean (cian-dhealbh could also be used), and computer becomes coimpiùtar (aireamhadair, bocsa-fiosa or bocsa-sgrìobhaidh could also be used). Although native speakers frequently use an English word for which there is a perfectly good Gaelic equivalent, they will, without thinking, simply adopt the English word and use it, applying the rules of Gaelic grammar, as the situation requires. With verbs, for instance, they will simply add the verbal suffix (-eadh, or, in Lewis, -igeadh, as in, "Tha mi a' watcheadh (Lewis, "watchigeadh") an telly" (I am watching the television), instead of "Tha mi a' coimhead air a' chian-dhealbh". This was remarked upon by the minister who compiled the account covering the parish of Stornoway in the New Statistical Account of Scotland, published over 170 years ago. However, as Gaelic medium education grows in popularity, a newer generation of literate Gaels is becoming more familiar with modern Gaelic vocabulary.

Going in the other direction, Scottish Gaelic has influenced the Scots language (gob) and English, particularly Scottish Standard English. Loanwords include: whisky, slogan, brogue, jilt, clan, strontium (from Strontian), trousers, as well as familiar elements of Scottish geography like ben (beinn), glen (gleann) and loch. Irish has also influenced Lowland Scots and English in Scotland, but it is not always easy to distinguish its influence from that of Scottish Gaelic. See List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin

Source: An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Alexander MacBain.

[edit] Common Scottish Gaelic words and phrases with Irish and Manx equivalents

Further information: Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish

Scottish Gaelic Phrase	Irish Equivalent	Manx Gaelic Equivalent	Rough English Translation
Fàilte	Fáilte	Failt	Welcome
Halò	Haileo or Dia dhuit (trad., lit.: "God be with you")	Hello	Hello
Latha math	Lá maith	Laa mie	Good day
Ciamar a tha thu?	Conas atá tú? (Cad é mar atá tú? in Ulster)	Kys t'ou?	How are you?
Ciamar a tha sibh?	Conas atá sibh? (Cad é mar atá sibh? in Ulster)	Kanys ta shiu?	How are you? (plural, singular formal)
Madainn mhath	Maidin mhaith	Moghrey mie	Good morning
Feasgar math	Trathnóna maith	Fastyr mie	Good afternoon
Oidhche mhath	Oíche mhaith	Oie vie	Good night
Ma 's e do thoil e	Más é do thoil é	My saillt	If you please
Ma 's e (bh)ur toil e	Más é bhur dtoil é	My salliu	If you please (plural, singular formal)
Tapadh leat	Go raibh maith agat	Gura mie ayd	Thank you
Tapadh leibh	Go raibh maith agaibh	Gura mie eu	Thank you (plural, singular formal)
Dè an t-ainm a tha ort?	Cad é an t-ainm atá ort? or Cad is ainm duit?	Cre'n ennym t'ort?	What is your name?
Dè an t-ainm a tha oirbh?	Cad é an t-ainm atá oraibh?	Cre'n ennym t'erriu?	What is your name?(plural, singular formal)
Is mise...	Is mise...	Mish...	I am...
Slàn leat	Slán leat	Slane lhiat	Goodbye
Slàn leibh	Slán libh	Slane lhiu	Goodbye (plural, singular formal)
Dè a tha seo?	Cad é seo?	Cre shoh?	What is this?
Slàinte	Sláinte	Slaynt	"health" (used as a toast [cf. English "cheers"] when drinking)

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] Resources

• Gillies, H. Cameron (1896) Elements of Gaelic Grammar, Vancouver: Global Language Press (reprint 2006), ISBN 1-897367-02-3 (hardcover), ISBN 1-897367-00-7 (paperback)
• Gillies, William (1993) "Scottish Gaelic", in: Ball, Martin J. and Fife, James (eds) The Celtic Languages (Routledge Language Family Descriptions), London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28080-X (paperback), p. 145–227
• Lamb, William (2001) Scottish Gaelic, Munich: Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-408-0
• McLeod, Wilson (ed.) (2006) Revitalising Gaelic in Scotland: Policy, Planning and Public Discourse, Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, ISBN 1-903765-59-5

[edit] External links

• Aberdeen University Celtic Department Classes from beginner all the way to degree and PhD level
• Learn Gaelic Classes and Courses across the World
• Scottish Parliament
• Scottish Gaelic Broadcasting Committee
• Scotsman.com News - Scottish Gaelic homepage
• BBC Scotland - Scottish Gaelic homepage
• BBC Scotland - Beag air Bheag
• Beul Aithris - Scottish Gaelic Oral Tradition

[edit] Scottish Gaelic for beginners

• Air Splaoid! Discover Gaelic with Dwelly, a free online Gaelic language course.
• BBC Learn Gaelic
• CLI Gàidhlig Gaelic supporters and learners organisation that produces the bilingual magazine Cothrom
• Comunn na Gàidhlig
• Iomairt Cholm Cille The Columba Initiative
• St Columba Gaelic Section Gaelic Resources
• Sabhal Mòr Ostaig - Gaelic-medium College on Skye.
• Scottish Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts - Gaelic college in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada.
• Scottish-English Dictionary
• Goidelic Dictionaries
• AmBaile.org - Home of Highland Gaelic culture Online games for Scottish Gaelic learners
• Akerbeltz - A’ Ghobhar Dhubh Gaelic Resources (grammar, pronunciation, rhymes, names ...)
• Scottish Gaelic at Omniglot
• Learners' material online
• Gàidhlig (Scottish Gaelic) Local Studies Census information from 1881 to the present, 27 volumes covering all Gaelic-speaking regions
• The Scottish Gaelic feature film Seachd: The Inaccessible Pinnacle
• Gaelic in Scotland Information and links from the Scottish FAQ
• Save Gaelic News links to most current press stories concerning Gaelic.
• SaorsaMedia Resources about the history of Gaelic language and culture in Scotland and North America
• Calum and Catrìona Materials about Gaelic history and culture in Scotland and North America for children
• BBC Can Seo - Gaelic for Beginners book and videos from the 1970s
• Tìr nam Blòg A focus point of the Gàidhlig blogging community (founded 16th December 2005)
• Oi Polloi Gaelic punk music from Edinburgh
• Mill a h-Uile Rud Gaelic punk music from Seattle

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