Close front unrounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

IPA – number	301
IPA – text	i
IPA – image
Entity	i
X-SAMPA	i
Kirshenbaum	i
Sound sample (help·info)

The close front unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is i, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is i.

The vowel [i] is very common, occurring phonemically in almost all languages with three or more vowels and phonetically in many more languages.^{[citation needed]}

Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 Close front compressed vowel 3.1 Features 3.2 Occurrence 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography

[edit] Features

• Its vowel height is close, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
• Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
• Its vowel roundedness is unrounded, which means that the lips are spread.

[edit] Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		ажьырныҳәа	[aʑirnuħʷo]	'January'	See Abkhaz phonology
Afrikaans		dankie	[daŋki]	'thank you'
Albanian		mali	[mali]	'the mountain'
Arabic		دين	[diːn]	'religion'	See Arabic phonology
Armenian		իմ	[im]	'my'
Azerbaijani		dili	[dili]	'tree'
Basque		bizar	[bis̻ar]	'beard'
Bengali		আমি	[ami]	'I'
Burmese		?	[sə sá bjì]	'I am eating now'
Cantonese		詩/si1	[siː˥˥]	'poem'	See Standard Cantonese
Catalan[1]		sis	[sis]	'six'	See Catalan phonology
Chickasaw		lhinko	[ɬinko]	'to be fat'
Croatian		vino	[viːno̞]	'wine'
Czech		bílý	[ˈbiːliː]	'white'	See Czech phonology
Dahalo		[ʡáɬi]		'fat'
Danish		bilist	[b̥iˈlisd]	'car driver'	See Danish phonology
Dutch		biet	[bit]	'beet'	See Dutch phonology
English		beet	[biːt]	'beet'	See English phonology
Estonian		tiik	[tiːk]	'pond'
Faroese		il	[iːl]	'sole'
Finnish		viisi	[viːsi]	'five'	See Finnish phonology
French[2]		fini	[fini]	'finished'	See French phonology
Georgian[3]		სამი	[ˈsɑmi]	'three'
German		Ziel	[tsiːl]	'goal'	See German phonology
Greek		υγιεινή	[iˌʝiiˈni]	'hygiene'	Also represented by <οι> and <υι>. See Modern Greek phonology
Guaraní		ha’ukuri	[haʔukuri]	'Guaraní'
Haida		gii	[?]	'?'
Hawaiian		makani	[makani]	'breeze'	See Hawaiian phonology
Hindi		तीन	[t̪in]	'three'	See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hungarian		ív	[iːv]	'arch'	See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic		líka	[liːka]	'also'	See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian		ini	[ini]	'this'
Irish		sí	[ʃiː]	'she'	See Irish phonology
Italian[4]		bile	[ˈbile]	'rage'	See Italian phonology
Japanese		銀/gin	[giɴ]	'silver'	See Japanese phonology
Korean		시장/sijang	[ɕiˈʥaŋ]	'hunger'	See Korean phonology
Kurdish		zîndu	[ziːndu]	'alive'
Macedonian		јазик	[jazik]	'tongue'
Maltese		bieb	[biːb]	'door'
Mandarin		北京/Běijīng	[peɪ˨˩ tɕiŋ˥˥]	'Beijing'	See Standard Mandarin
Navajo		biwosh	[biɣʷoʃ]	'his cactus'
Norwegian		is	[iːs]	'ice'	See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Northern and Southern	miralhar	[miraˈʎa]	'to reflect'
	Gascon	polida	[?]	'pretty'
Pashto		ﭙﺎﻧﻴﺮ	[pɑˈnir]	'cheese'
Persian		کی	[kiː]	'who'	See Persian phonology
Pirahã		baíxi	[màíʔì]	'parent'
Polish[5]		miś	[miɕ] (help·info)	'teddy bear'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese[6]		li	[liː]	'I read'	See Portuguese phonology
Quechua		allin	[ˈaʎin]	'good'
Romanian		insulă	[ˈinsulə]	'island'	See Romanian phonology
Russian[7]		лист	[lʲist]	'list'	Only occurs word-initially or after palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic		chì	[xiː]	'shall see'
Serbian		милина/milina	[milina]	'enjoyment'
Seri		cmiique	[ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ]	'person'
Sindhi		سنڌي	[sɪndʱiː]	'Sindhi'
Sioux	Lakota[8][9]	ǧí	[ʀí]	'it's brown'
Slovak		chlapi	[xlapi]	'men'
Spanish[10]		tipo	[ˈt̪ipo̞]	'type'	May also be represented by <y>. See Spanish phonology
Swahili		miti	[miti]	'trees'
Swedish		is	[iːs] (help·info)	'ice'	See Swedish phonology
Tagalog		silya	[ˈsiljɐ]	'chair'
Tajik		бинӣ	[biˈniː]	'nose'
Turkish		ip	[ip]	'rope'	See Turkish phonology
Ubykh		[gʲi]		'heart'	Allophone of /ə/ after palatalized consonants. See Ubykh phonology
Vietnamese		ty	[tī]	'bureau'	See Vietnamese phonology
Võro		kirotas	[kʲirotas]	'he writes'
Welsh		hir	[hiːr]	'December'
Zulu		umuzi	[uˈmuːzi]	'village'

[edit] Close front compressed vowel

The close front compressed vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. There is no diacritic in the IPA to indicate compression, but since the Swedish back vowel [u] and Norwegian central vowel [ʉ] are also labially compressed, <ʉ̟> is frequently chosen as an ad hoc transcription for Swedish. Another possibility would be to transcribe it as a near-front vowel with an old alternate labialization diacritic, [i̫].

[edit] Features

• Its vowel height is near-close, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel.
• Its vowel backness is near-front, which means the tongue is positioned almost as far forward as a front vowel.
• Its vowel roundedness is compressed, which means the corners of the mouth are drawn slightly together and the lips may be compressed horizontally, but do not protrude.

[edit] Occurrence

As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the old diacritic for labialization, [  ̫], may be used here as an ad hoc symbol.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Swedish		ut	[ʉ̟β̞t] (help·info)	'out'	May be central in other dialects. See Swedish phonology

[edit] See also

• List of phonetics topics

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

• Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
• Fougeron, Cecile & Caroline L Smith (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73-76
• Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
• Jones, Daniel & Ward Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
• Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
• Rood, David S & Allan R. Taylor (2006), "Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language, Part I", Handbook of North American Indians 17: 440-482
• Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264