Pope Leo XII

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Leo XII
portrait by Jacques-Louis David
Birth name	Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola della Genga
Papacy began	September 28, 1823
Papacy ended	February 10, 1829
Predecessor	Pius VII
Successor	Pius VIII
Born	August 22, 1760(1760-08-22) Genga or Spoleto, Italy
Died	February 10, 1829 (aged 68) Rome, Italy

Styles of Pope Leo XII
Reference style	His Holiness
Spoken style	Your Holiness
Religious style	Holy Father
Posthumous style	none

Pope Leo XII (August 22, 1760 – February 10, 1829), born Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola della Genga, was Pope from 1823 to 1829.

Contents 1 Life 2 Private secretary to Pope Pius VI 3 Cardinal priest 4 Election as pope 5 Foreign policy 6 Domestic policy 7 G. S. Godkin on Leo XII 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links

[edit] Life

Della Genga was born of a noble^[1] family from La Genga,^[2] a small town in what is now the province of Ancona, then part of the Papal States. The place of his birth is uncertain, the usual candidates being Genga, Ancona, and Spoleto. He was educated at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici at Rome, where he was ordained priest in 1783. In 1790 the attractive and articulate^[3] della Genga attracted favourable attention by a tactful oration commemorative of the late Emperor Joseph II.

[edit] Private secretary to Pope Pius VI

In 1792 Pope Pius VI made him his private secretary, in 1793 creating him titular archbishop of Tyre and despatching him to Lucerne as nuncio. In 1794 he was transferred to the nunciature at Cologne, but owing to the war had to make his residence in Augsburg. During the dozen or more years he spent in Germany he was entrusted with several honourable and difficult missions, which brought him into contact with the courts of Dresden, Vienna, Munich and Württemberg, as well as with Napoleon I of France. It is, however, charged at one time during this period that his finances were disordered, and his private life was not above suspicion. After the Napoleonic abolition of the States of the Church (1798), he was treated by the French as a state prisoner, and lived for some years at the abbey of Monticelli, solacing himself with music and with bird-shooting, pastimes which he continued even after his election as Pope.

[edit] Cardinal priest

In 1814 della Genga was chosen to carry the Pope's congratulations to Louis XVIII of France, upon his restoration; in 1816 he was created cardinal priest with the titulus of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, and appointed to the episcopal see of Sinigaglia, which he resigned in 1818.

In 1820 Pope Pius VII gave him the distinguished post of cardinal vicar.

[edit] Election as pope

In the conclave of 1823, in spite of the active opposition of France, he was elected Pope by the zelanti on the 28th of September, taking the name of Leo XII. His election had been facilitated because he was thought to be at death's door; but he unexpectedly rallied.

[edit] Foreign policy

Pius' Secretary of State, Ercole Consalvi, who had been Della Genga's rival in the consistory, was immediately dismissed, and the policies of Pius VII rejected.^[4] Leo XII's foreign policy, entrusted at first to the octagenarian Giulio Maria della Somaglia and then to the more able Tommaso Bernetti, negotiated certain concordats very advantageous to the papacy. Personally most frugal, Leo XII reduced taxes, made justice less costly, and was able to find money for certain public improvements; yet he left the Church's finances more confused than he had found them, and even the elaborate jubilee of 1825 did not really mend financial matters.

[edit] Domestic policy

Leo XII's domestic policy was one of extreme reaction: "He was determined to change the condition of society, bringing it back to the utmost of his power to the old usages and ordinances, which he deemed to be admirable; and he pursued that object with never flagging zeal."^[5] He condemned the Bible societies, and under Jesuit influence reorganized the educational system, placing it entirely under priestly control through his bull Quod divina sapientia and requiring that all secondary instruction be carried out in Latin, as he required of all court proceedings, also now entirely in ecclesiastical hands. All charitable institutions in the Papal States were put under direct supervision. Laws such as that forbidding Jews to own properrty and to sell that which they had, and that requiring all Roman residents to listen to Catholic catechism commentary, led many of Rome's Jews to emigrate, to Trieste, Lombardy and Tuscany]]. ^[6] "The results of his method of governing his states soon showed themselves in insurrections, conspiracies, assassinations and and rebellion, especially in Umbria, the Marches and Romagna; the violent repression of which, by a system of espionage, secret denunciation, and wholesale application of the gibbet and the galleys, left behind it to those who were to come afterwards a very terrible, rankling and long-enduring debt of party hatreds, of political and social demoralisation, and— worst of all— a contempt for and enmity to the law, as such."^[7] In a regime that saw the division of the population into Carbonari and Sanfedisti, he hunted down the Carbonari and the Freemasons with their liberal sympathisers.

"Leo XII made himself intensely unpopular with his subjects by constraining them to observe endless rules and regulations concerning private as well as public matters. Not only did he prohibit vaccination, he also renewed all sorts of obsolete privileges such as that of sanctuary, and decreed that any dressmaker who sold low or transparent dresses would be ipso facto excommunicated. To ensure against any possible disregard of this spiritual chastisement, the penalties for wearing the offending garments were made tangible and immediate, so it is unlikely that the seamstresses' pious allegiance was often put to the test. But if the ladies had cause for complaint, the Jews fared even worse. The Pontiff denied them the right to possess property, allowing them only the shortest possible time in which to sell what they owned. He exhumed laws of the Middle Ages regarding their segregation and the marks of infamy they should wear on their clothing."^[8] However, the validity of the above-mentioned claims about Leo XII's negative attitude towards vaccination were challenged by Donald J. Keefe in his paper "Tracking the footnote"^[9]

[edit] G. S. Godkin on Leo XII

"He was a ferocious fanatic, whose object was to destroy all the improvements of modern times, and force society back to the government, customs, and ideas of mediaeval days. In his insensate rage against progress he stopped vaccination; consequently, small-pox devastated the Roman provinces during his reign, along with many other curses which his brutal ignorance brought upon the inhabitants of those beautiful and fertile regions. He curtailed the old privileges of the municipalities, granted new privileges to the religious communities, and enlarged the power of the clergy to the extent that bishops and cardinals had the power of life and death in their hands. He set the Inquisition to work with new vigour; and though torture had been nominally abolished in 1815, new kinds of torment were invented, quite as effectual as the cord, the thumbscrew, and the rack of old times. He renewed the persecution of the Jews; drove them back into the Ghetto from whence they had begun to emerge, rebuilt its walls, and had them locked in at night; and issued an edict ordering all Israelites to sell their goods within a given time on pain of confiscation." ^[10]

His tomb, by Giuseppe de Fabris, is in St Peter's Basilica. In 1836 Pope Gregory XVI elevated to cardinal Leo's nephew, Gabriel Della Genga Sermattei (1801-1861).^[11]

[edit] See also

• List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XII

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
• [2]

[edit] External links

• Catholic-Hierarchy entry

Roman Catholic Church titles
Unknown Last known title holder: Vincenzo Ranuzzi	Titular Archbishop of Tyre 21 February 1794 – 8 March 1816	Succeeded by Giacomo Giustiniani
Preceded by Giulio Gabrielli	Archbishop of Senigallia 8 March 1816 – 18 September 1816	Succeeded by Fabrizio Sceberras Testaferrata
Preceded by Pius VII	Pope 28 September 1823 – 10 February 1829	Succeeded by Pius VIII

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