Pope Leo XIII
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| Leo XIII | |
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| Birth name | Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci |
| Papacy began | February 20, 1878 |
| Papacy ended | July 20, 1903 |
| Predecessor | Pius IX |
| Successor | Pius X |
| Born | March 2, 1810 Carpineto Romano, Italy |
| Died | July 20, 1903 (aged 93) Apostolic Palace, Rome, Italy |
Pope Leo XIII (March 2, 1810—July 20, 1903), born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903, succeeding Pope Pius IX. Reigning until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, and had the third longest pontificate, behind Pius IX and John Paul II. He is known as the "Pope of the Working Man" and "The Social Pope".
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[edit] Early life
Born in Carpineto Romano, near Rome, he was the sixth of the seven sons of Count Lodovico Pecci and his wife Anna Prosperi Buzi. He received his doctorate in theology in 1836 and doctorates of civil and Canon Law in Rome also. While in the minor orders, he was appointed domestic prelate to Pope Gregory XVI in January 1837. He was ordained priest on 31 December 1837 by the Vicar of Rome, became titular archbishop of Damietta in 1843, and apostolic nuncio to Belgium on 28 January 1843. In that country, the school question was then sharply debated between the Catholic majority and the Liberal minority. Pecci encouraged the struggle for Catholic schools, yet he was able to win the good will of the Court, not only of the pious Queen Louise, but also of King Leopold I, strongly Liberal in his views. The new nuncio succeeded in uniting the Catholics. Upon his initiative, a Belgian College in Rome was opened in 1844.
Pecci was named papal assistant in 1843. He first achieved note as the popular and successful Archbishop of Perugia from 1846 till 1877, during which period he had to cope, among others, with the earthquake and subsequent famine that hit Umbria in 1854. In addition to his post in Perugia, he was appointed Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono in 1853.
In August 1877, on the death of Cardinal De Angelis, Pope Pius IX appointed him camerlengo, so that he was obliged to reside in Rome. Pope Pius died 7 February 1878, and during his closing years the Liberal press had often insinuated that the Italian Government should take a hand in the conclave and occupy the Vatican. However the Russo-Turkish War and the sudden death of Victor Emmanuel II (9 January 1878) distracted the attention of the government, the conclave proceeded as usual, and after the three scrutinies Cardinal Pecci was elected by forty-four votes out of sixty-one.
[edit] Papacy
| Styles of Pope Leo XIII |
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| Reference style | His Holiness |
| Spoken style | Your Holiness |
| Religious style | Holy Father |
| Posthumous style | none |
Leo XIII worked to encourage understanding between the Church and the modern world, though he preferred a cautious view on freedom of thought, stating that "is quite unlawful to demand, defend, or to grant unconditional freedom of thought, or speech, of writing or worship, as if these were so many rights given by nature to man", and rejected some forms of egalitarianism: "People differ in capacity, skill, health, strength; and unequal fortune is a necessary result of unequal condition. Such inequality is far from being disadvantageous either to individuals or to the community."[1]
He firmly re-asserted the scholastic doctrine that science and religion co-exist, and required the study of Thomas Aquinas[2] and opened the Vatican Secret Archives to qualified researchers, among whom was the noted historian of the Papacy Ludwig von Pastor.
Leo XIII was also the first Pope to come out strongly in favour of the French Republic, upsetting many French monarchists. In his relations with the Italian state, Leo XIII continued the Papacy's self-imposed incarceration in the Vatican stance, and continued to insist that Italian Catholics should not vote in Italian elections or hold elected office. In his first consistory in 1879 he elevated his older brother Giuseppe a cardinal.
Leo XIII was the first Pope of whom a sound recording was made. The recording can be found on a compact disc of Alessandro Moreschi's singing; a recording of his performance of the Ave Maria is available on the web. He was also the first Pope to be filmed on the motion picture camera. He was filmed by its inventor, W. K. Dickson, and blessed the camera afterward.
Leo XIII brought normalcy back to the Church after the tumultuous years of Pius IX. Leo's intellectual and diplomatic skills helped regain much of the prestige lost with the fall of the Papal States. He tried to reconcile the Church with the working class, particularly by dealing with the social changes that were sweeping Europe. The new economic order had resulted in the growth of an impoverished working class, with increasing anti-clerical and socialist sympathies. Leo helped reverse this trend.
Under Bismarck, the anti-Catholic kulturkampf in Germany led to massive reprisals against the Church. Under Leo, the anti-Catholic measures subsided. The Centre Party in Germany was largely a Catholic creation and was a positive force for social change. It was encouraged by Leo's support for social welfare legislation and the rights of working people. Leo's forward-looking approach encouraged Catholic Action in other European countries where the social teachings of the Church were incorporated into the agenda of Catholic parties, particularly the Christian Democratic Parties, which became an acceptable alternative to socialist parties. Leo's social teachings were reiterated throughout the 20th century by his successors.
While Leo was no radical in either theology or politics, his papacy did move the Church back to the mainstream of European life. Given the challenge he faced when he succeeded Pius IX, this was a significant accomplishment.
His favorite poets were Virgil and Dante.[3]
[edit] Canonizations and beatification
He canonized the following saints:
- 1881: Clare of Montefalco (d. 1308), John Baptist de Rossi (1696-1764), and Lawrence of Brindisi (d. 1619)
- 1883: Benedict Joseph Labre (1748-1783)
- 1888: Seven Holy Founders of the Servite Order, Peter Claver (1561-1654), John Berchmans (1599-1621), and Alphonsus Rodriguez (1531-1617)
- 1890: Blessed Giovenale Ancina (1545-1604)
- 1897: Anthony M. Zaccaria (1502-1539) and Peter Fourier of Our Lady (1565-1640)
- 1900: John Baptist de la Salle (1651-1719) and Rita of Cascia (1381-1457)
In addition, he beatified Gerard Majella in 1893 and Edmund Campion in 1886.
[edit] Papal teachings and publications
Leo XIII is famous for his social teaching, in which he argued that both capitalism and communism are flawed. His encyclical Rerum Novarum focused on the rights and duties of capital and labour, and introduced the idea of subsidiarity into Catholic social thought. A full list of all of Leo's encyclicals can be found in the List of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII.
In his 1893 encyclical Providentissimus Deus, Leo gave new encouragement to Bible study while warning against rationalist interpretations which deny the inspiration of Scripture:
"For all the books which the Church receives as sacred and canonical, are written wholly and entirely, with all their parts, at the dictation of the Holy Ghost: and so far is it from being possible that any error can co-exist with inspiration, that inspiration not only is essentially incompatible with error, but excludes and rejects it as absolutely and necessarily as it is impossible that God Himself, the supreme Truth, can utter that which is not true." (Providentissimus Deus)
The 1896 bull Apostolicae Curae declared the ordination of deacons, priests, and bishops in Anglican churches (including the Church of England) invalid, while granting recognition to ordinations in the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches although they were considered illicit.
His 1899 apostolic letter Testem Benevolentiae condemned the heresy called Americanism.
[edit] Relations with the United Kingdom and the Americas
Among the activities of Leo XIII that were important for the English-speaking world we might certainly count the encyclical "Apostolicæ Curæ" of 1896 on the non-validity of the Anglican orders. Furthermore, Leo restored the Scottish hierarchy in 1878. In British India, he established a Catholic hierarchy in 1886, and regulated some long-standing conflicts with the Portuguese authorities.
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The United States at many moments in time attracted the attention and admiration of Pope Leo. He confirmed the decrees of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore (1884), and raised to the cardinalate Archbishop Gibbons of that city in 1886. Leo was not present at Washington on the occasion of the foundation of The Catholic University of America. His role in South America will also be remembered, especially the First Plenary Council of Latin America held at Rome in 1899, and his encyclical of 1888 to the bishops of Brazil on the abolition of slavery.
American newspapers criticized Pope Leo because they claimed that he was attempting to gain control of American public schools. One cartoonist drew Leo as a fox unable to reach grapes that were labeled for American schools; the caption read "Sour grapes!"
[edit] Death
Leo XIII was the first Pope to be born in the 19th century. He was also the first to die in the 20th century: he lived to the age of 93, making him the longest-lived Pope. At the time of his death, Leo XIII was the second-longest reigning successor of Peter, exceeded only by his immediate predecessor, Pius IX. Leo's regnal length was subsequently exceeded by that of Pope John Paul II on March 14, 2004.
Leo was not entombed in St. Peter's Basilica, as all popes after him were, but instead at St. John Lateran, a church in which he took a particular interest.
[edit] Audiences
- While on a pilgrimage with her father and sister in 1887, the future Saint Thérèse of Lisieux during a general audience with Pope Leo XIII, asked him to allow her to enter the Carmelite order. Even though she was strictly forbidden to speak to him because she was told it would prolong the audience too much, in her autobiography, Story of a Soul, she wrote that after she kissed his slipper and he presented his hand, instead of kissing it, she took it in her own hand and said through tears, "Most Holy Father, I have a great favor to ask you. In honor of your Jubilee, permit me to enter Carmel at the age of 15!" Pope Leo XIII answered, "Well, my child, do what the superiors decide." Thérèse replied, "Oh! Holy Father, if you say yes, everybody will agree!" Finally, the Pope said, "Go... go... You will enter if God wills it" [italics hers] after which time two guards lifted Thérèse (still on her knees in front of the Pope) by her arms and carried her to the door where a third gave her a medal of the Pope. Shortly thereafter, the Bishop of Bayeux authorized the prioress to receive Thérèse, and in April 1888, she entered Carmel at the age of 15.
- While known for his cheerful personality, Leo also had a gentle sense of humor as well. During one of his audiences, a man claimed to have had the opportunity to see Pius IX at one of his last audiences before his death in 1878. Upon hearing the remarkable story, Leo smiled and replied, "If I had known that you were so dangerous to popes, I would have postponed this audience further".
- He played chess to a fairly high level, although a game attributed to him 1875[1] seems not to be genuine as it duplicates an earlier game Ilya Shumov vs Carl Friedrich Von Jaenisch.[2]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Rerum Novarum, 17
- ^ "Aeterni Patris - On the Restoration of Christian Philosophy". Encyclical of 4 August 1879
- ^ "Pope Leo XIII and his Household" in The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, p. 596
- Thérèse, of Lisieux, Saint. Story of a Soul - The Autobiography of St. Thérèse of Lisieux Third Edition 1996. Washington, DC: ICS Publications. Translated from the original manuscripts by John Clarke, O.C.D.
- O'Reilly, Bernard. Life of Leo XIII - From An Authentic Memoir - Furnished By His Order. 1887. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company.
- Quardt, Robert. Der Meisterdiplomat. 1964 Kevelaer,Germany: Verlag Butzon & Bercker. Translated by Ilya Wolston. The Master Diplomat - From the Life of Leo XIII. New York: Alba House.
- The Catholic Encyclopedia (edition of 1913, see also under External links)
[edit] External links
Works by Leo XIII on Wikisource- "Pope Leo XIII" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
- Pope Leo XIII texts and biography from the Vatican
- Pope Leo XIII, overview of pontificate
- Etexts of his encyclicals and other documents
- Pope Leo XIII: text with concordances and frequency list
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Filippo De Angelis |
Camerlengo 1877 – 1878 |
Succeeded by Camillo Cardinal di Pietro |
| Preceded by Pius IX |
Pope 1878 – 1903 |
Succeeded by Pius X |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Leo XIII, Pope |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaelle Luigi |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Pope |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 2, 1810 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Carpineto Romano, Italy |
| DATE OF DEATH | July 20, 1903 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Apostolic Palace, Rome, Italy |
