Qingdao
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| Qingdao | |
| — Sub-provincial city — | |
| Chinese transliteration(s) | |
| - Simplified | 青岛 |
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| - Traditional | 青島 |
| - Pinyin | Qīngdǎo |
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| Coordinates: | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Shandong |
| City seat | Shinan District |
| Government | |
| - CPC Secretary | Yan Qijun |
| - Mayor | Xia Geng (夏耕) |
| Area | |
| - Sub-provincial city | 10,654 km² (4,113.5 sq mi) |
| - Urban | 1,102 km² (425.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2004) | |
| - Sub-provincial city | 7,311,200 |
| - Density | 686.2/km² (1,777.4/sq mi) |
| - Urban | 2,584,000 |
| - Urban Density | 2,344.8/km² (6,073.1/sq mi) |
| Time zone | China Standard (UTC+8) |
| Postal code | 266000 (Shinan District); 266100-266700 (Other areas) |
| Area code(s) | 532 |
| GDP | ¥378.65 billion (2007) |
| GDP per capita | ¥ 50,616 (2007) |
| License Plate Prefix | 鲁B & 鲁U |
| Coastline | 862.64 km (inclusive of offshore islands) 730.64 km (exclusive of islands) |
| Major Nationalities | Han - 95.48% |
| County-level divisions | 12 |
| Website: http://www.qingdao.gov.cn/ | |
Qingdao (simplified Chinese: 青岛; traditional Chinese: 青島; pinyin: Qīngdǎo; Wade-Giles: Ch'ing-tao), well-known to the West by its Postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a sub-provincial city in eastern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Yantai to the northeast, Weifang to the west and Rizhao to the southwest. Lying across the Shandong Peninsula while looking out to the Yellow Sea, Qingdao today is a major seaport, naval base, and industrial center. It is also the site of the Tsingtao Brewery. The character 青 (qīng) in Chinese means "green" or "lush," while the character 岛 (dǎo) means "island." It was recently named China's 9th-most livable city by China Daily.[1]
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[edit] Additional Names
- Qingdao was formerly known as Jiāo'ào (胶澳). German name: Tsingtau.
- Qindao (琴岛; lit. "Stringed Instrument Isle") is an additional modern name for the area which according to locals refers to the shape of the coastline.
- Also known by western postal name, specially used during the German occupation as "TsingTao"
[edit] Administrative divisions
The sub-provincial city of Qingdao administers 12 county-level divisions, including 7 districts and 5 county-level cities.
- Shinan District (市南区)
- Shibei District (市北区)
- Sifang District (四方区)
- Licang District (李沧区)
- Laoshan District (崂山区)
- Chengyang District (城阳区)
- Huangdao District (黄岛区)
- Jimo City (即墨市)
- Jiaozhou City (胶州市)
- Jiaonan City (胶南市)
- Pingdu City (平度市)
- Laixi City (莱西市)
[edit] Geography and climate
Qingdao is located at the southern tip of the Shandong Peninsula. It borders three prefecture-level cities, namely Yantai to the northeast, Weifang to the west, and Rizhao to the southwest. The city's total jurisdiction area occupies 10,654 km². The geography of the city is relatively flat while mountains spur up nearby. The highest elevation in the area is 1133 m above sea level. The city has a 730.64-kilometre coastline. Five significant rivers that flow for more than 50 km can be found in the region.
Qingdao has a humid, warm temperate climate, with four distinct seasons. Winter is cold, snowy and windy, with temperatures hovering around freezing. Summer is warm to hot, but very hot days are rare. The average high in August is 28C (82F) and temperatures of over 35C (95F) are recorded only once every two years. Due to its proximity to the coast and being on a peninsula, it experiences a late spring compared to most of central China. Conversely, autumn is much milder than inland areas. The water temperature peaks at about 25C (77F) in late August, with swimming possible two months on either side.
[edit] History
- For details on the colonial period, see Jiaozhou Bay
The area of which Qingdao is located today was called Jiao'ao (胶澳) when it was administered by the Qing Dynasty. In 1891, the Qing Government decided to make the area a primary defence base against naval attacks, and planned the construction of a city. Little was done, however, until 1897 when the city was ceded to Germany. The Germans soon turned Tsingtao into a strategically important port that was administered by the Department of the Navy (Reichsmarineamt) rather than the Colonial Office (Reichskolonialamt). They based here their Far East Squadron, allowing the fleet to conduct operations throughout the Pacific. From 1898 the marines of III. Seebatallion were based at Tsingtao. The German Imperial government planned and built the first streets and institutions of the city we see today, including the world-famous Tsingtao Brewery. German influence extended to other areas of Shandong Province, including the establishment of rival breweries.
Soon after the outbreak of World War I, the German forces, under Admiral Graf von Spee, left Tsingtao rather than waiting to be trapped in the harbour by Allied fleets. The SMS Cormoran was one of the German vessels to ship out from Tsingtao. After a subsequent minor British naval attack on the German colony in 1914, Japan occupied the city and the surrounding province during the Siege of Tsingtao after Japan's declaration of war on Germany in accordance with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. The failure of the Allied powers to restore Chinese rule to Shandong after the war triggered the May Fourth Movement.
The city reverted to Chinese rule in 1922, under control of the Republic of China. The city became a direct-controlled municipality of the ROC Government in 1929. Japan re-occupied Qingdao in 1938 with its plans of territorial expansion onto China's coast. After World War II the KMT allowed Qingdao to serve as the headquarters of the Western Pacific Fleet of the US Navy. On 2nd June, 1949, the CCP-led Red Army entered Qingdao and the city and province have been under PRC control since that time.
Since the 1984 inauguration of China's open-door policy to foreign trade and investment, Qingdao has developed quickly as a modern port city. It is now the headquarters of the Chinese navy's northern fleet. An early example of the open-door policy occurred on November 5, 1984, when three United States Naval vessels visited Qingdao. This was the first U.S. port call in more than 37 years to China. USS Rentz (FFG-46), USS Reeves (DLG-24) and USS Oldendorf (DD-972) and their crews were officially hosted by the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN).
Qingdao is now a manufacturing centre, and home to Haier Corporation a major electronics firm. The city has recently experienced a rapid growing period, with a new central business district created to the east of the older business district. Outside of the centre of the city there is a large industrial zone, which includes chemical processing, rubber and heavy manufacturing, in addition to a growing high tech area.
[edit] Demographics
By the end of 2002, Qingdao was estimated to be the home of more than 7 million inhabitants, of which around 2.6 million reside in the Qingdao urban area. Another estimated 2.3 million live in other cities under Qingdao's jurisdiction. The annual birth rate is calculated around 82,000, with a birth rate of 11.26/1000 population, and a death rate of 6.93/1000 population, both calculated on an annual basis. This results to a 4.33/1000 population growth rate overall, not counting immigration, which is substantial. Living standards are among highest of leading Chinese cities due to the strong export economy and relatively high family wages.
While Qingdao is home to 38 Chinese ethnic minorities they constitute only 0.14% of the city's total population. Qingdao boasts a vibrant expatriate community, led by the Korean community which comprised over 80,000 individuals in 2007.
[edit] Economy
GDP per capita comprised RMB¥42,789 (ca. US$5,503) in 2006.[citation needed] The GDP has grown steadily at an average pace of 14% annually. Qingdao is perhaps most famously known for the Tsingtao Brewery, which German settlers founded in 1903, and which produces Tsingtao beer, now the most famous beer in China and known worldwide. It is also home to Haier, the third largest white goods manufacturer in the world[citation needed], and Hisense, a major electronics company in China. In 2002, guitar manufacturer Epiphone opened a factory at Qingdao.
In 1984 the Chinese government named a district of Qingdao a Special Economic and Technology Development Zone (SETDZ). Along with this district, the entire city had gone through amazing development of secondary and tertiary industries. As an important trading port in the province, Qingdao flourishes with foreign investment and international trade. South Korea and Japan in particular made extensive investment in the city. At least 30,000 South Korean nationals reside there. Construction proceeds at a relatively fast pace in Qingdao.
In terms of primary industry, Qingdao has an estimated 50,000 acres (200 km²) of arable land. Qingdao has a zigzagging pattern coastline, and thus possesses an invaluable stock of fish, shrimp, and other sea resources.
Qingdao is also home to a variety of mineral resources. Up to thirty different kinds have been mined. Qingdao's wind power electricity generation performs at among the best levels in the region.[citation needed]
[edit] Transportation
The Orient Ferry connects Qingdao with Shimonoseki, Japan. There are two ferry lines connecting Qingdao with South Korea. The New Golden Bridge II operates between Qingdao and Incheon, and the Blue Sea Ferry operates between Qingdao and Gunsan.[citation needed]
The Qingdao Liuting International Airport, 36 kilometres away from city centre, is served by 13 domestic and international airlines, operating 58 routes of which 10 are international and regional. It is estimated that in 2002 over 2.3 million people, including 450,000 international travellers, were transported through the airport.
Qingdao hosts one of China's largest seaports. Cooperative relations have been established with 450 ports in 130 countries worldwide. The 1999 annual cargo handling capacity was 72 million tons. Exported commodities amounted to more than 35 million tons and 1.5 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of cargo.
Qingdao's railway development was picked up during the late 90's. It is at the beginning of the Jiaoji Railway. At the present, domestic rail lines connect Qingdao with Beijing, Lanzhou, Chengdu, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Jinan and Jining, and all trains currently depart from Sifang railway station because the larger Qingdao station is going through renovations. There are a total of 1,145km of roads in the Qingdao area, with nearly 500km of expressways. Expressways connect Qingdao with Jinan. The specially designed high-altitude railcars required for the Qingzang railway (青藏铁路), the highest railway in the world, are also built in Qingdao.
Qingdao's public traffic owns about 3,800 large and medium-sized buses and trolleybuses of many types. The volume of road passenger transportation approaches 0.6 billion per year. The lengths of highways on operation are 2,679 km, including 134 alignments. At the present, the traffic mileage is more than 0.16 billion km per year. The Public Transport Brand of 'Ri Xi Bus' is also known in China.
[edit] Culture
The unique combination of German and Chinese architecture in the city centre, combined with German demographic roots and a large Korean expat population, gives Qingdao a distinct atmosphere. Qingdao is the host city for several events of the 2008 Olympics, including the sailing competitions which will take place along the shoreline by the city.
Unlike many large Chinese cities with a long history, Qingdao is a relative newcomer, being nothing but a fishing village in 1897. The majority of residents are immigrants having migrated from other locations to take advantage of the opportunities Qingdao offers. Nonetheless a distinctive local accent known as "Qingdao Hua 青岛话" distinguishes the residents of the city from those of the surrounding province.
The distinctive cuisine is Lu Cai, the Shandong regional style.
The area's most famous festival is the Qingdao International Beer Festival, held annually since 1991.
[edit] Tourism
Qingdao attracts many tourists due to its seaside setting and temperate weather. Parks, beaches, sculpture and some unique architecture line the shore. For more information head over to the Qingdao Information Centre for International Visitors located on XiangGang Zhong Lu. Qingdao's major attractions include:
- Zhan Qiao (Pier)
- Ba Da Guan (Eight Great Passes), the older area of town with some surviving German and Japanese architecture.
- May Fourth Square Coastal plaza with the Wind of May sculpture
- Lu Xun Park, named after Lu Xun, a famous modern Chinese writer and critic, who lived and taught in 1930s.
- Huadong Winery
- Xiao Yu Shan (Little Fish Hill)
- Jiaozhou Governor's Hall, former seat of the present and previous two governments.
- Laoshan, a famous Taoist mountain with many temples.
- Qingdao Beer Museum, on the site of the old brewery.
- Qingdao Naval Museum
- Qingdao International Beer town, the primary site of the annual Qingdao International Beer Festival.
- Qingdao Underwater World
- St. Michael's Cathedral, a Gothic/Roman cathedral designed by German architect Pepieruch, completed in 1934.
- Tsingtao Brewery, originally founded by Germans and the most exported beer from China.
- Underground World of Chinese Mythology, life-size figures and groups depicting scenes from the Chinese mythology.
- Zhanshan Temple, Qingdao's oldest Buddhist temple.
[edit] Education
Post-secondary educational institutions in Qingdao include:
- Ocean University of China (formerly Ocean University of Qingdao), the primary university of the specialty in China
- Petroleum University of China, Qingdao campus
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao Technological University
- Shandong University of Economics and Trade
- Qingdao Hotel and Management College
- Laiyang Agricultural University
Secondary School:
- Qingdao No. 1 high school
- Qingdao No. 2 high school
- Qingdao No. 9 high school
- Qingdao No. 17 high school
- Qingdao No. 58 high school
- Qingdao No. 26 middle school
- Qingdao No. 19 high school
- Qingdao No. 15 Middle school
There are also several international schools in Qingdao. These include:
[edit] Sports
Qingdao has long been a hub of professional sports in The People's Republic of China. Clubs include:
Along with Beijing's winning bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics, Qingdao will be the site for sailing events. These events will be held in Fushan Bay, near the city's central business district. A hotel and an international broadcasting centre are under construction.
[edit] Sister Cities
Qingdao is a sister city of the following cities around the world.
- Galway, Ireland (1999)
- Wilhelmshaven, Germany (1992)- - Paderborn, Germany (2003)
- Shimonoseki, Japan (October 3, 1979)
- Long Beach, California, USA (April 12, 1985)[1]
- Acapulco, Mexico (August 21, 1985)
- Odessa, Ukraine (April 29, 1993)
- Daegu, South Korea (December 4, 1993)
- Nes Ziyyona, Israel (December 2, 1997)
- Velsen, the Netherlands (December 9, 1998)
- Southampton, UK (December 27, 1998)
- Puerto Montt, Chile (August 17, 1999)
- Montevideo, Uruguay, (April 15, 2004)
- Klaipėda, Lithuania (May 30, 2004)
- Bilbao, Spain (August 21, 2004)
- Nantes, France (June 4, 2005)- - Miami, Florida, USA (2005)
[edit] References
- ^ Jing, Fu. "Beijing drops out of top 10 'best city' list", China Daily, 2006-01-03.
[edit] External links
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