Grammar school
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A grammar school is a school that may, depending on regional usage as exemplified below, provide either secondary education or, a much less common usage, primary education (also known as "elementary"). Grammar schools trace their origins back to medieval Europe, as schools in which university preparatory subjects, such as Latin and Greek, were emphasized.
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[edit] Origins
The original intent of the medieval grammar schools was to educate the young in the grammar of Latin. Later the curriculum was considerably broadened to include other languages, such as Greek, Hebrew, English and European languages, as well as the natural sciences, mathematics, history, geography and other subjects. These schools were highly revered.
[edit] Australia
In Australia, "grammar schools" are generally high-cost Anglican Church of Australia schools, public schools in the sense of the Associated Public Schools of Victoria and the Associated Grammar Schools of Victoria. Those using the term "grammar" in their title are often the oldest Anglican school in their area. Examples of these include such schools as Camberwell Grammar School (1886), Caulfield Grammar School (1881), Geelong Grammar School (1855) and Melbourne Grammar School (1858). The equivalent of the English grammar schools are selective schools.
[edit] Canada
In Ontario, until 1870, a grammar school referred to a secondary school.
[edit] Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, grammar schools are secondary schools primarily offering a traditional curriculum (rather than vocational subjects).
[edit] Republic of Ireland
Education in the Republic of Ireland, has been mainly organised on denominational lines. Grammar schools along the lines of those in Great Britain were set up for members of the Church of Ireland prior to its disestablishment in 1871. Some schools remain, as private schools catering largely for Protestant students. These are often fee-paying and accommodate boarders, given the scattered nature of the Protestant population in much of Ireland. Such schools include those in Bandon[1], Drogheda (run by Quakers since 1956[2]), Dundalk[3] and Sligo[4]. Others are among the many former fee-paying schools which have been absorbed into larger state-funded Community Schools, Community Colleges, and Comprehensive Schools, founded since the introduction of universal secondary education in the Republic by minister Donagh O'Malley in September 1967. Examples include Cork Grammar School, replaced by Ashton Comprehensive School.[5]
[edit] United Kingdom
By the late medieval period in Britain there were many schools teaching Latin grammar. In England the Tudor King Edward VI reorganised these schools or instituted new ones so that there was a national system of "free grammar schools" that were in theory open to all and offered free tuition to those who could not afford to pay fees. The vast majority of poor children did not attend these schools since their labour was economically valuable to their families.
In the late Victorian period grammar schools were reorganised and their curriculum was modernised, although Latin was still taught.
The Tripartite System was established in England and Wales by the Education Act 1944, and in Northern Ireland by the Education (Northern Ireland) Act 1947. This defined the grammar school as the place of education for the academically gifted (with entrance determined by a selection exam; initially this was the "Scholarship" exam, which was later replaced by a "Grading Test" which was then subsequently replaced by the 11+ exam). Children who did not pass the selection test attended technical schools or secondary modern schools. The system became controversial in the post-war years. Critics condemned it as being elitist and defenders claimed that grammar schools allow pupils to obtain a good education through merit rather than through family income. In the mid-1960s the then Labour Government tried to restrict or abolish grammar schools by requiring local authorities to introduce comprehensive schools. Following this, some grammar schools became fully independent and charged fees, while still usually retaining "grammar school" in their title. However, many grammar schools continue to be state run, and now have locally administered selection tests for entrance.
The Government run 11 plus selection exam has now been abolished in the UK, and no longer do all children sit for it as used to be the case. However, voluntary selection tests are still conducted in certain areas of the UK, where some of the original grammar schools have been retained. These areas include: Northern Ireland and some English counties and districts including Devon, Dorset, Kent, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Birmingham, Trafford, Wiltshire, North Yorkshire, Calderdale, Kirklees, Wirral, Warwickshire, Gloucestershire, Lincolnshire and some London boroughs such as Bexley, Kingston-upon-Thames and Redbridge. There have been various so far unsuccessful attempts by campaigners to accomplish the abolition of all remaining grammar schools. The remaining grammar schools are now thus still selective, typically taking the top 10-25% of those from the local catchment area. Some of the still-existing grammar schools in the United Kingdom can trace their history back to earlier than the 16th century.
[edit] United States
In the United States, the term has often been used as a synonym for elementary school, although this usage is significantly in decline. However, mention of "grammar school" frequently appears on job applications.[citation needed]
[edit] References
- ^ Bandon Grammar School: mission and ethos. Retrieved on 2007-02-13. “Bandon Grammar School is a co-educational, boarding and day school founded in 1641, with an historic and valued association with the Church of Ireland.”
- ^ Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Ireland: Drogheda Grammar School (2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-13. “This year sees the 50th anniversary of Quaker involvement with Drogheda Grammar School. At the time a Quaker committee took over the running of the school...”
- ^ Dundalk Grammar School homepage. Retrieved on 2007-02-13. “Since 1739 the school has been closely associated with the Incorporated Society for Promoting Protestant Schools in Ireland.”
- ^ Sligo Grammar School: the school. Retrieved on 2007-02-13. “The school is one of a small number of schools in the Republic of Ireland under Church of Ireland management”
- ^ Ashton School: history. Retrieved on 2007-02-13. “Ashton School, as a comprehensive school, was founded in September 1972 when Rochelle School and Cork Grammar School merged on the Grammar School site.”
[edit] See also
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