Avitus
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| Avitus | |
| Emperor of the Western Roman Empire |
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 Avitus on a tremissis. |
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| Reign | July 9, 455 - 17 October 456 |
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| Full name | Marcus Maecilius Flavius Eparchius Avitus |
| Born | c. 395 |
| Died | after October 17, 456, 457 |
| Predecessor | Petronius Maximus |
| Successor | Majorian |
- This article is about the Roman Emperor. For the poet, see Avitus of Vienne. Avitus is also a genus of jumping spiders.
Marcus Maecilius Flavius Eparchius Avitus (ca 380 or ca 395-after October 17, 456, 457) was Western Roman Emperor with the designation and name Dominus Noster Flavius Eparchius Avitus Augustus (July 8 or July 9, 455 - October 17, 456).
Made magister militum (or Master of Soldiers) by Emperor Petronius Maximus, Avitus was sent on a diplomatic mission to his old student, Theodoric II King of the Visigoths, and was at Theodoric's court in Toulouse when Gaiseric invaded Rome, bringing Petronius Maximus's rule to a sudden end. Theodoric seized the opportunity and urged Avitus to assume the imperial throne, and with the acclamation of a gathering of Gallo-Roman senators, allowed himself to be persuaded. On July 9, 455, he was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers, and reached Rome that September.
The Apenninian populace never fully accepted his rule, so when his campaign against the Vandals failed in 456, and they pressed their blockade against Rome, his position became tenuous. Famine in Rome forced him to disband his Gothic bodyguard. But they needed to be paid, and he did not improve his standing with the Roman citizenry when he melted down a number of bronze statues to pay their outstanding wages. Ricimer and Majorian exploited this discontent by starting a general revolt.
Avitus fled to safety in Arles. A plea for help to Theodoric went unanswered, as the Gothic king was away in Spain campaigning against the Suevians. Avitus raised the best force he could and returned to Italy. He was defeated near Placentia and captured. His life was spared, and was allowed to become bishop of Placentia on October 17 (or October 18), 456; however, he still feared for his life and attempted to escape to safety in Gaul. According to Gregory of Tours, he died on the way there. Other sources have him murdered, either being strangled personally by Ricimer or trapped in his house and starved to death.
One important source for Avitus' reign was the panegyric composed by his son-in-law, Sidonius Apollinaris, married ca 452 to his daughter Papianilla, born ca 432 or 435.
His son was the magister militum Ecdicius Avitus and his grandson was the poet Alcimus Ecdicius Avitus. He was also the father of Agricola (440 – after 507), v. inl., a Priest, whose daughter also named Papianilla (490 – 530) married her relative (?) Parthenius (485 – 548), a Patron in 542 and perhaps a great-grandson of Felix Ennodius.
His niece, also named Papianilla, clarissima femina, born ca 415, married the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul Tonantius Ferreolus.
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[edit] Early life
Avitus was the son of a rich and distinguished family from the Arvernian region in Gaul. His father, perhaps Flavius Julius Agricola, was a Consul of Rome in 421. He first had studied law but soon dedicated himself to a military career instead where by AD 437 had achieved the rank of 'Master of Soldiers' and became praetorian prefect for Gaul.
His Gallic connections served Avitus very well. In the war with Visigoths, it was Avitus who in AD 437 brought about peace between the two sides. In doing so he befriended the Visigoth king Theodoric I, over whom he enjoyed substantial influence thereafter. In AD 451 Avitus helped persuade Theodoric I to join with Aetius in fighting Attila the Hun - an alliance which led to the outstanding victory over the Huns on the Catalaunian Plains. Theodoric I was killed in the battle, but his son and successor Theodoric II by that time also was a close friend of Avitus.
In AD 455 Petronius Maximus recalled Avitus out of retirement to once more hold the rank of 'Master of Soldiers'. But this offer came to nothing as this emperor soon later met his violent death.
[edit] Reign
However, the news of Petronius Maximus' death reached Avitus, as he was a guest at the court of Theodoric II in AD 455. Theodoric II at once urged him to take the Roman throne. Avitus at first was reluctant to do so, but eventually accepted the proposal.
A meeting of senators was called at Beaucaire (Ugernum) where Avitus was proclaimed Augustus. More significantly perhaps, on July 9 AD 455, Avitus was hailed emperor by the army. Thereafter the final step in Avitus' accession to the throne was that Marcian, the emperor of the east, also recognized him.
Only later that year did Avitus actually travel to Italy to assume his throne. On 1 January 456 he took up the office of Consul.
But a large faction of the Roman senate strongly disapproved of having a Gallo-Roman on the throne. Not only had their consent not be sought, but their new emperor owed his accession more to the Visigoths than to anyone else.
[edit] Fall
Yet a far greater problem at that time was Geiseric, who had, after sacking Rome, remained as hostile as ever and had even left behind a fleet to dominate the coasts of the empire. In order to deal with the Vandal problem Avitus appointed a Sueve called Ricimer as 'Master of Soldiers'.Ricimer owed this promotion most likely due being the maternal grandson of Wallia, the former king of the Visigoths. But Ricimer was indeed not without ability. In Sicily he repelled a Vandal landing at Agrigentum (Agrigento). Then, in AD 456, he won a naval battle off Corsica.
While these successes stunted the Vandals, Avitus' ally Theodoric II with his Visigoths crushed the Sueves in Spain. Avitus himself was not idle and took to the field in Pannonia.
But all the while in Rome resentment toward the 'foreign' emperor grew. Worse still, the domination of the sea by the Vandal fleet stopped much of the city's grain supply from getting through. A famine loomed over Rome, as stocks quickly depleted. Avitus tried his best to at least reduce the numbers of people to feed, by dismissing the Gallic and German troops whom he had brought with him to Rome. But for this the troops needed to be paid off. Money was scarce and hence some of the city's bronze statues were sold to raise the funds– an act which many Romans viewed as the 'foreigner' Avitus selling Rome's heritage.
[edit] Ricimer
Ricimer returned to Rome and, together with the senate, deposed Avitus. Most likely Ricimer, who by now was the real power in the western empire, simply didn't want to endanger his own powerful position by associating himself with such an unpopular emperor. But then so too is it possible that Ricimer, a Sueve after all, resented the crushing defeat of the Sueves in Spain by Theodoric II on Avitus' behalf.
[edit] Death
Avitus attempted to flee to Gaul with his guard, but they were defeated and he was captured near Placentia (Piacenza). In October AD 456 Ricimer tried to settle matters by granting the deposed emperor the position of bishop of Placentia.
Soon after, Avitus learned that the senate had ordered his execution. He fled toward the Alps, seeking to cross into his homeland of Gaul, hoping to find refuge there. But on the way he died, either from plague or by assassination.
[edit] Family tree
- Avitus of Vienne was a close relative to emperor Avitus.
- Ecdicius was the son of Avitus
[edit] References
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This article does not cite any references or sources. (May 2007) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. |
- Christian Settipani, Les Ancêtres de Charlemagne (France: Éditions Christian, 1989).
- Christian Settipani, Continuite Gentilice et Continuite Familiale Dans Les Familles Senatoriales Romaines A L'epoque Imperiale, Mythe et Realite, Addenda I - III (juillet 2000- octobre 2002) (n.p.: Prosopographica et Genealogica, 2002).
[edit] External links
The Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avitus.- Gibbon chapter XXXVI
- Latin text of Sidonius's carmen
| Preceded by Petronius Maximus |
Western Roman Emperor 455-456 |
Succeeded by Majorian |
