Reginald fitz Jocelin
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| Reginald fitz Jocelin | |
| Archbishop of Canterbury | |
| Enthroned | never consecrated |
|---|---|
| Ended | December 26, 1191 |
| Predecessor | * Baldwin of Exeter |
| Successor | * John de Gray or Hubert Walter
|
| Died | December 26, 1191 |
| Buried | Bath Cathedral |
Reginald fitz Jocelin (sometimes Reginald Italus, Richard the Lombard, or Reginald Lombardus) was a medieval Bishop of Bath and an Archbishop of Canterbury-elect in England. A member of an Anglo-Norman noble family, he was the son of a bishop, and was educated in Italy. He was a household clerk for Thomas Becket, but by 1167 he was serving King Henry II of England. He was also a favorite of King Louis VII of France, who had him appointed abbot of the Abbey of Corbeil. After angering Becket while attempting to help negotiate a settlement between Becket and the king, Becket then called Reginald "that offspring of fornication, that enemy to the peace of the Church, that traitor."[1] When he was elected as a bishop, the election was challenged by the King Henry's eldest son, Henry the Young King, and Reginald was forced to go to Rome to be confirmed by Pope Alexander III . He attended the Third Lateran Council in 1179, and spent much of his time administering his diocese. He was elected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1191, but died before he could be consecrated.
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[edit] Early life
Reginald was the son of Josceline de Bohon, bishop of Salisbury, although he was possibly born before his father became a priest.[2] Reginald was a great-great-grandson of Humphrey de Bohun, one of the companions of William the Conqueror.[3] Some sources say that he was born while his father was studying law in Italy. His uncle Richard de Bohon was Bishop of Coutances from 1151 to 1180.[4] He was also related to Robert, Earl of Gloucester.[5] Savaric FitzGeldewin, Reginald's successor at Bath was Reginald's father's second cousin.[3] Reginald's mother may have a member of the family of the counts of Maurienne. He was born and brought up in Italy, which led to him sometimes being referred to as Reginald Italus, Reginald Lombardus or Reginald the Lombard.[5] He was appointed Archdeacon of Wiltshire by his father before December 8, 1161, when he first signed a document as archdeacon.[6] He served in Thomas Becket's household after Becket became archbishop, and by June of 1164 was serving Becket's interests in France at both the court of the French King Louis VII and the papal Curia. It was probably in November of 1164 that Louis named Reginald abbot of the Abbey of Corbeil.[7]
Reginald probably studied at Paris sometime during 1163 or 1164, as he had a letter of introduction from Pope Alexander III to Hugues de Champfleury, Bishop of Soissons, the chancellor of Louis VII. Reginald did not complete his studies for the title of master, however, as he was in service with the King of England by 1167.[5] He served King Henry II as a royal messenger to Rome during the crisis with Becket in 1167.[2] For the next four years, Reginald would be embroiled in the dispute and with trying to find a diplomatic solution to it.[8] While serving Henry, Reginald incurred Becket's displeasure enough that Becket called Reginald "that offspring of fornication, that enemy to the peace of the Church, that traitor."[1] However, John of Salisbury always maintained friendly relations with both Reginald and his father, even though John was a partisan of Becket's.[4]
Reginald took part in the negotiations in August and September of 1169 that attempted to reach a settlement between Henry and Becket. These negotiations included papal nuncios and most of the Norman bishops and prominent abbots, as well as the royal clerks. However, in the end, the negotiations came to nothing, and led to Becket's calling Reginald a traitor, among other things quoted above.[9] Reginald was one of the main clerics that worked for King Henry during the dispute with Becket, along with John of Oxford, Richard of Ilchester, and Geoffrey Ridel. Henry's plans to reward the four with bishoprics in late 1170 probably precipitated the final crisis that led to Becket's murder.[10]
[edit] Bishop of Bath
Reginald was elected Bishop of Bath in late April of 1173, and was consecrated 23 June 1174.[11] However, Henry the Young King challenged the election, on the grounds of illegitimacy and an uncanonical election. Reginald went to Rome in the company of Richard of Dover, who had just been elected Archbishop of Canterbury, and whom was also facing a challenge from the Young King to his election.[5] Reginald was confirmed by Pope Alexander III on April 18, 1174[12] with Walter Map alleging bribery as the only reason the election was confirmed. Ralph de Diceto, however, states that Reginald swore an oath that he was uninvolved in the death of Becket and that his birth took place before his father became a priest.[5]
As a bishop, Reginald was kept busy attending the king's councils and the royal court, but also took part in the 1178 mission to Toulouse, led by Cardinal Pierre of San Crisogono, which attempted to deal with the Cathar heretics there. He attended the Third Lateran Council in 1179. During the 1180's, he was more active in the affairs of his diocese, and appears less often in the secular affairs of the kingdom, but in 1189 he took part in the coronation of King Richard I of England.[5] In April of 1191 he was one of the persons selected to arbitrate between the chancellor William Longchamp and Prince John of England.[13] He also attended the trial of William Longchamp on October 5, 1191 at Loddon Bridge between Reading and Windsor that dismissed Longchamp from his offices.[14] He may have been an unsuccessful candidate for the chancellorship of England. He was active as a bishop, and some 122 acta from his time as bishop survive.[5] He built the hospital of St. John in Bath, as well as building extensively at Wells. He also issued a confirmation of the status of the town of Wells.[5]
[edit] Archbishop of Canterbury
Reginald was elected to the Archbishopric of Canterbury on 27 November 1191, but his death on 26 December 1191 prevented his consecration.[15] He was probably elected because he had supported the monks of Canterbury against their archbishop Baldwin of Exeter in their dispute over the foundation of a church dedicated to Saint Thomas Becket.[5] He died at Dogmersfield, Hampshire and was buried at Bath.[12] Before his death, he was admitted as a confrater of Christ Church Priory, Canterbury, and was buried in the habit of a Benedictine monk.[16] According to a monk of Eynsham Abbey, after Reginald's death "he performed miraculous cures for certain weak and sick people."[17] The same source claimed Reginald wore a hair shirt under his episcopal vestments.[18]
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b quoted in Warren Henry II p. 535
- ^ a b Warren Henry II p. 535
- ^ a b Spear "The Norman Empire and the Secular Clergy" The Journal of British Studies p. 4
- ^ a b Barlow, Frank, Becket p. 78
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Duggan "Reginald fitz Jocelin (c.1140–1191)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online Edition, May 2006 accessed November 8, 2007
- ^ British History Online Archdeacons of Wiltshire accessed on September 10, 2007
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 107
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 175
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 189-192
- ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 223-224
- ^ Fryde Handbook of British Chronology p. 228
- ^ a b British History Online Bishops of Bath accessed on September 10, 2007
- ^ Powell The House of Lords p. 97
- ^ Barlow Feudal Kingdom of England p. 375
- ^ Fryde Handbook of British Chronology p. 232
- ^ Knowles The Monastic Order in England p. 477-478
- ^ quoted in Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075-1225 p. 607
- ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 607
[edit] References
- Barlow, Frank (1988). The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042-1216, Fourth Edition, New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49504-0.
- Barlow, Frank (1986). Thomas Becket. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07175-1.
- Bartlett, Robert C. (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075-1225. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822741-8.
- British History Online Archdeacons of Wiltshire accessed on September 10, 2007
- British History Online Bishops of Bath accessed on September 10, 2007
- Duggan, Charles "Reginald fitz Jocelin (c.1140–1191)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, Sept 2004 Online Edition, May 2006 accessed November 8, 2007
- Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology, Third Edition, revised, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
- Knowles, David (1976). The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940-1216, Second Edition, reprint, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05479-6.
- Powell, J. Enoch; Wallis, Keith (1968). The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
- Spear, David S. (1982). "The Norman Empire and the Secular Clergy, 1066-1204" (fee required). Journal of British Studies XXI (2): 1–10. doi:. Retrieved on 2008-01-28.
- Warren, W. L. (1973). Henry II. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03494-5.
[edit] External links
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Robert |
Bishop of Wells 1173–1191 |
Succeeded by Savaric FitzGeldewin |
| Preceded by Baldwin of Exeter |
Archbishop of Canterbury 1191–1191 |
Succeeded by Hubert Walter in 1193 |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | fitzJocelin, Reginald |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Italus, Reginald; Richard the Lombard; Lombardus, Reginald |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Bishop of Bath; Archbishop of Canterbury-elect |
| DATE OF BIRTH | |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | |
| DATE OF DEATH | December 26, 1191 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
