'''Antonio Bosio''' (Malta ca 1575/6 – Rome 1629) was the first systematic explorer of subterranean Rome (the "Columbus of the Catacombs"), author of ''Roma Sotterranea'' and first Urban_spelunker. Sent as a boy to the care of his uncle, who was representative at the Holy_See of the Knights_of_Malta, he studied literature, philosophy, and jurisprudence, but at the age of eighteen he gave up his legal studies, went to Rome and for the remainder of his life his time was devoted to archaeological work in the Roman catacombs. The accidental discovery in 1578 of an ancient subterranean cemetery on the Via_Salaria had attracted general attention in Rome. Few, however, realized the importance of the discovery, and with the exception of three foreign scholars, Alfonso Chacon,The Andalusian scholar Chacon (c1540/42–1599) called Ciacconio in Italy), entered the Dominican order and concentrated in ecclesiastical history and Christian antiquities, producing a Lives of the popes and cardinals of the Holy Roman Church' that was published in Rome, 1601-1602 the antiquarian Philips van Winghe (1560-1592) from Leuven See on Philips van Winghe: Cornelis Schuddeboom, ''Philips van Winghe (1560-1592) en het ontstaan van de christelijke archeologie'', Haren 1996. and Jean L'Heureux (alias Macarius), L'Heureux's notes on the catacombs of 1605 remained in manuscript until they were edited and published in the mid-nineteenth century by Raffaele Garrucci Catholic Encyclopedia'' " Raffaele Garrucci"] no one seriously thought of pursuing further investigations. Bosio began the systematic exploration of subterranean Rome and thus became a precursor of the science of Christian_archaeology, an inspiration to Giovanni_Battista_de_Rossi. The young explorer realized that early Christian literature such as ''Acta'' of the martyrs and accounts of the councils would offer clues to the locations of the catacombs; an idea of the vast scope of his reading is in two great folio volumes of his manuscript notes in the Vallicelliana library at Rome, each of which contains about a thousand pages. The scholarly labors of Bosio accounted for only half of his time; after he had collected all the data possible relative to the location of a catacomb on one of the great Roman_roads leading from Rome, Bosio would set out for the places indicated, and cover the ground carefully in the hope of discovering a forgotten stairway offering access, or a ''luminarium'' lighting the underground galleries of a cemetery. He had the sense to question the local peasants. He would then descend to the subterranean galleries and commence his explorations. Narrow passages led from one series of galleries to another. Years could pass without any new entrances being discovered. This life work of Bosio was all but unknown until the publication three years after his death of his ''Roma Sotterranea'' (1632). The folio volume was brought out under the patronage of the Knights_of_Malta, edited by the Oratorian Severano, under the patronage of Cardinal Francesco_Barberini. A Latin translation that appeared in 1651 took liberties with the text. Bosio's ''Roma Sotterranea'' is entirely devoted to a description of the cemeteries with the end of ascertaining all that was possible regarding the history of each cemetery, by what name it was known in antiquity, who its founders were, and what martyrs and illustrious Christians were interred there. Many of his conclusions have in modern times been found to be erroneous, but Bosio's method is acknowledged to have been scientific within the shortcomings of the infant science of archaeology. The engravings that accompanied the volume are of little use to the modern archaeologist. An unfortunate result of the publication was that with the locations known, the catacombs were scoured for anything that might prove of value on the market; though much information on the condition of the catacombs and their inscriptions and frescoes in the early 17th century was preserved in Bosio's volume, much also was lost through the publication. Some of the catacombs Bosio described have since been destroyed by subsequent construction. Bosio's great work's full title is ''Roma Sotterranea, opera postuma di Antonio Bosio Romano, antiquario ecclesiastico singolare de' suoi tempi. Compita, disposta, et accresciuta dal M. R. P. Giovanni Severani da S. Severino'' (Rome, 1632) ==Notes== 3. See on Philips van Winghe: Cornelis Schuddeboom, ''Philips van Winghe (1560-1592) en het ontstaan van de christelijke archeologie'', Haren 1996. ==References and further reading== *''Catholic Encyclopedia'': "Antonio Bosio" *"Accidental Discovery of Catacombs", by the Christian History Institute Category:Ancient_Roman_Christianity Category:Death_customs Category:Cemeteries_in_Italy Bosio, Antonio Category:Roman_archaeology Bosio, Antonio Bosio, Antonio Fr:Antonio_Bosio Nl:Antonio_Bosio