Himyarite Kingdom
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The Himyarite Kingdom or Himyar (in Arabic مملكة حِمير), anciently called Homerite Kingdom by the Greeks and the Romans, was a state in ancient South Arabia dating from 110 BC. It conquered neighbouring Saba (Sheba) in c.25 BC, Qataban in c.200 CE and Hadramaut c.300 AD. Its political fortunes relative to Saba changed frequently until it finally conquered the Sabaean Kingdom around 280 CE.[1]
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[edit] History
It was the dominant state in Arabia until 525 AD. The economy was based on agriculture. Foreign trade was based on the export of frankincense and myrrh. For many years it was also the major intermediary linking East Africa and the Mediterranean world. This trade largely consisted of exporting ivory from Africa to be sold in the Roman Empire. Ships from Himyar regularly traveled the East African coast, and the state also exerted a considerable amount of political control of the trading cities of East Africa. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes the trading empire of Himyar and its ruler Charibael (Karab Il Watar Yuhan'em II), who is said to have been on friendly terms with Rome:
"23. And after nine days more there is Saphar, the metropolis, in which lives Charibael, lawful king of two tribes, the Homerites and those living next to them, called the Sabaites; through continual embassies and gifts, he is a friend of the Emperors."
—Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Paragraph 23.[2]
[edit] From 115 B.C. until 300 A.D.
During this period, the tribe of Himyar conquered the kingdom of Sheba and took Redan for capital instead of Ma’rib. Later on, Redan was called "Zifar". Its ruins still lie on Mudawwar Mountain near the town of "Yarim". During this period, they began to decline and fall. Their trade failed to a very great extent, firstly, because of the Nabetean domain over the north of Hijaz; secondly, because of the Roman superiority over the naval trade routes after the Roman conquest of Egypt, Syria and the north of Hijaz; and thirdly, because of the inter-tribal warfare. Thanks to the three above-mentioned factors, families of Qahtan were disunited and scattered out.
[edit] From 300 A.D. until Islam dawned on Yemen
This period witnessed a lot of disorder and turmoil. The great many and civil wars rendered the people of Yemen liable to foreign subjection and hence loss of independence. During this era, the Romans conquered ‘Adn and even helped the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) to occupy Yemen for the first time in 340 A.D., making use of the constant intra-tribal conflict of Hamdan and Himyar. The Abyssinian (Ethiopian) occupation of Yemen lasted until 378 A.D., whereafter Yemen regained its independence. Later on, cracks began to show in Ma’rib Dam which led to the Great Flood (450 or 451 A.D.). This was a great event which caused the fall of the entire Yemeni civilization and the dispersal of the nations living therein.
[edit] Dhu Nuwas and the second Abyssinian invasion
The last sovereign Tubba Himyarite king, (Arabic: ذو نواس Dhu Nuwas) is often considered to have converted to Judaism. His war against the Ethiopian Aksumite Christians in his kingdom, resulted in a famous massacre in Najran around 523. The Qur’ân referred to this event in: "Cursed were the people of the ditch." (Al-Qur'an 85:4). There it is described how those Christians that refused to convert to Judaism were thrown alive into a big ditch that was set on fire. Other Ethiopian and Himyarite Christians at Zafar were massacred. Emperor Justinian informed King Kaleb of the Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum about Dhu Nuwas's actions, encouraging him to intervene. The Romans helped Aksum with a fleet to cross the Red Sea. Around 525, Kaleb invaded Himyar and defeated the Jewish King. The Aksumite military leader Eriat and the first viceroy were later removed by Abraha, an Aksumite General. Abraha later recognized Aksum's dominion over him and continued to rule Himyar until 570 A.D. During a campaign into the Hejaz against the Quraysh of Mecca his army made an unsuccesful attempt to demolish Al-Ka‘bah. In Islamic tradition this was known as the "Year of the Elephant".
After the "Elephant" incident, the people of Yemen, under the leadership of Ma‘dikarib bin Saif Dhu Yazin Al-Himyari, and through Persian assistance, revolted against the Abyssinian (Ethiopian) invaders, restored independence and appointed Ma‘dikarib as their king. However, Ma‘dikarib was assassinated by an Abyssinian (Ethiopian) he used to have him around for service and protection. The family of Dhu Yazin was thus deprived of royalty forever. Kisra, the Persian king, appointed a Persian ruler over San‘a and thus made Yemen a Persian colony. Persian rulers maintained rulership of Yemen until Badhan, the last of them, embraced Islam in 638 A.D., thus terminating the Persian domain over Yemen.
The source: Ar-Raheeq Al-Makttum ( The Sealed Nectar ) Authur Saifurahman Al- Mubarakpuri
[edit] Origination and further History of Himyar and related Tribes
Himyar descentant of Pure Arabs: Who originated from the progeny of Ya‘rub bin Yashjub bin Qahtan. They were also called Qahtanian Arabs.
- Himyar: The most famous of whose septs were Zaid Al-Jamhur, Banu Quda'a and Sakasic.
- Kahlan: The most famous of whose septs were Hamdan, Anmar, Tai’, Mudhhij, Kinda, Lakhm, Judham, Azd, Aws, Khazraj and the descendants of Jafna — the kings of old Syria.
Kahlan septs emigrated from Yemen to dwell in the different parts of the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Great Flood (Sail Al-‘Arim of Ma’rib Dam), due to the failure of trade under the Roman pressure and domain on both sea and land trade routes following Roman occupation of Egypt and Syria.
Naturally enough, the competition between Kahlan and Himyar led to the evacuation of the first and the settlement of the second in Yemen.
The emigrating septs of Kahlan can be divided into four groups:
- Azd: Who, under the leadership of ‘Imran bin ‘Amr Muzaiqbâ’, wandered in Yemen, sent pioneers and finally headed northwards. Details of their emigration can be summed up as follows:
- Tha‘labah bin ‘Amr left his tribe Al-Azd for Hijaz and dwelt between Tha‘labiyah and Dhi Qar. When he gained strength, he headed for Madinah where he stayed. Of his seed are Aws and Khazraj, sons of Haritha bin Tha‘labah.
- Haritha bin ‘Amr, known as Khuza‘a, wandered with his folks in Hijaz until they came to Mar Az-Zahran. Later, they conquered the Haram, and settled in Makkah after having driven away its people, the tribe of Jurhum.
- ‘Imran bin ‘Amr and his folks went to ‘Oman where they established the tribe of Azd whose children inhabited Tihama and were known as Azd-of-Shanu’a.
- Jafna bin ‘Amr and his family, headed for Syria where he settled and initiated the kingdom of Ghassan who was so named after a spring of water, in Hijaz, where they stopped on their way to Syria.
- Lakhm and Judham: Of whom was Nasr bin Rabi‘a, father of Manadhira, Kings of Heerah.
- Banu Tai’: Who also emigrated northwards to settle by the so- called Aja and Salma Mountains which were consequently named as Tai’ Mountains.
- Kinda: Who dwelt in Bahrain but were expelled to Hadramout and Najd where they instituted a powerful government but not for long , for the whole tribe soon faded away.
Another tribe of Himyar, known as Banu Quda'a, also left Yemen and dwelt in Samawa semi-desert on the borders of Iraq.
[edit] Language
The Himyarite language was spoken in the south-western Arabian peninsula until the 10th century.
[edit] Kings of Saba and Himyar
Mukribs of Saba' | |
---|---|
1 | Yatha' Amar Bayin I |
2 | Yada' Il Bayin I |
3 | Samah Ali Yanuf I |
4 | Yatha' Amar Watar I |
5 | Yakrib Malek Zarih |
6 | Yakrib Malek Watar I |
7 | Samah Ali Yanuf II |
8 | Yada' Il Bayin II |
9 | Yatha' Amar Watar II |
10 | Yada' Ab I |
11 | Yada' Il Bayin III |
12 | Yakrib Malek Watar II |
13 | Yatha' Amar Bayin II |
14 | Karab Il Watar I |
15 | Yada' Ab II |
16 | Akh Karab |
17 | Samah Ali Watar |
18 | Yada' Il Zarih son of 17 |
19 | Samah Ali Yanuf III son of 18 |
20 | Yatha' Amar Watar III son of 18 |
21 | Yada' Il Bayin IV son of 20 |
22 | Yada' Il Watar I son of 20 |
23 | Zamir Ali Zarih I son of 21 |
24 | Yatha' Amar Watar IV son of Samah Ali Yanuf son of 20 |
25 | Karab Il Bayin I son of 24 |
26 | Samah Ali Yanuf IV son of 24 |
27 | Zamir Ali Watar son of 26 |
28 | Samah Ali Yanuf V son of 27 |
29 | Yatha' Amar Bayin III son of 28 |
30 | Yakrib Malek Watar III |
31 | Zamir Ali Yanuf son of 30 |
Kings of Saba' | |
32 | Karab Il Watar II son of 31 |
33 | Samah Ali Zarih son of 32 |
34 | Karab Il Watar III son of 33 |
35 | Il Sharih I son of 33 |
36 | Yada' Il Bayin V son of 34 |
37 | Yakrib Malek Watar IV son of 36 |
38 | Yatha' Amar Bayin IV son of 37 |
39 | Karab Il Watar IV son of 38 |
40 | Yada' Il Bayin VI son of 39 |
41 | Samah Ali Yanuf VI son of 39 |
42 | Yatha' Amar Watar V son of 39 |
43 | Il Sharih II son of 41 |
44 | Zamir Ali Bayin I son of 41 |
45 | Yada' Il Watar II son of 44 |
46 | Zamir Ali Bayin II son of 45 |
47 | Samah Ali Yanuf VII son of 46 |
48 | Karab Il Watar V son of 46? |
49 | Karab Yuhan'em son of Ham Athat |
50 | Karab Il Watar VI son of 49 |
51 | Wahab Shamsam son of Halik Amar |
52 | Wahab Il Yahiz I son of Saraw |
53 | Anmar Yuha'man I son of 52 |
54 | Zamir Ali Zarih II son of 53 |
55 | Nasha Karab Yuha'man son of 54 |
56 | Wahab Il Yahiz II |
57 | Zamir Ali Bayin III |
58 | Anmar Yuha'man II son of 56 |
59 | Yasir Yuhan'em I |
60 | Shamir Yuhar'esh I son of 59 |
61 | Yarim Aymin son of Awsalat Rafshan |
62 | Karab Il Watar Yuhan'em I son of 56 |
63 | Alhan Nahfan son of 61 |
64 | Far'am Yanhab |
Kings of Saba' & Ziridan | |
65 | Sha'ram Awtar son of 63 |
66 | Il Sharih Yahzib son of 64 |
67 | Yazil Bayin son of 64 |
68 | Hayu Athtar Yazi' son of 65? |
69 | Karab Il Watar Yuhan'em II son of 57 |
70 | Watar Yuha'min son of 66 |
71 | Zamir Ali Zarih III son of 69 |
72 | Nasha Karab Yuha'min Yuharhib son of 66 |
73 | Karab Il Bayin II son of 71 |
74 | Yasir Yuhasdiq |
75 | Sa'd Shams Asri' son of 66 |
76 | Murthid Yuhahmid son of 75 |
77 | Zamir Ali Yahbir I son of 74 |
78 | Tharin Ya'ib Yuhan'im son of 77 |
79 | Zamir Ali Yahbir II son of 78 |
80 | Shamdar Yuhan'im |
81 | Amdan Bayin Yuhaqbiz |
82 | Hutar Athat Yafish |
83 | Karab Athat Yuhaqbiz |
84 | Shahar Aymin |
85 | Rab Shams Namran |
86 | Il Ez Nawfan Yuhasdiq |
87 | Sa'd Um Namran |
88 | Yasir Yuhan'em II |
Kings of Saba' & Ziridan & Hazarmut & Yamnit | |
89 | Shamir Yuhar'esh II son of 88 |
90 | Yarim Yuharhib son of 89 |
91 | Yasir Yuhan'im III son of 89 |
92 | Tharin Ayfi' son of 91 |
93 | Zari' Amar Aymin I son of 91 |
94 | Karab Il Watar Yuhan'em III |
95 | Tharin Yakrib son of 89 |
96 | Zamir Ali Yahbir III son of 95 |
97 | Tharin Yuhan'im son of 96 |
98 | Malki Karab Yuha'min son of 97 |
99 | Zari' Amar Aymin II son of 98 |
100 | Ab Karab As'id son of 98 |
101 | Hasan Yuha'min son of 100 |
102 | Sharhib Il Ya'fir son of 100 |
103 | Sharhib Il Yakif |
104 | Mu'di Karab Yan'im son of 103 |
105 | Luhay'ath Yanuf son of 103 |
106 | Nawfim son of 103 |
107 | Murthid Alan Yanuf |
108 | Mu'di Karab Ya'fir |
109 | Yusif Asar |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] Bibliography
- Alessandro de Maigret. Arabia Felix, translated Rebecca Thompson. London: Stacey International, 2002. ISBN 1-900988-07-0
- Andrey Korotayev. Ancient Yemen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-922237-1.
- Bafaqīh, M. ‛A., L'unification du Yémen antique. La lutte entre Saba’, Himyar et le Hadramawt de Ier au IIIème siècle de l'ère chrétienne. Paris, 1990 (Bibliothèque de Raydan, 1).
- Yule, P., Himyar Late Antique Yemen/Die Spätantike im Jemen, Aichwald, 2007, ISBN 978-3-929290-35-6
- Yule, Zafar-The Capital of the Ancient Himyarite Empire Rediscovered, Jemen-Report 36, 2005, 22-29
- The Jewish Kingdom of Himyar (Yemen): Its Rise and Fall; Midstream, Joseph Adler