Operation Orchard

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
Operation Orchard

Before and after photo of target released by the U.S. government.
Date September 6, 2007
Location Deir ez-Zor region, Syria
35°42′28″N, 39°50′01″E
Result Destruction of Syrian site
Belligerents
Flag of Israel Israeli Air Force Flag of Syria Syria
Strength
F-15E fighters
F-16 fighters
1 ELINT aircraft
Total: As many as 8 aircraft		 Unknown numbers of radar and Anti-aircraft artillery of the Syrian Air Defence Forces
Casualties and losses
10 North Korean workers allegedly killed.[1] Destruction of the site.

Operation Orchard[2][3] was an Israeli airstrike on a target in the Deir ez-Zor region[4] of Syria carried out just after midnight on September 6, 2007. The White House and CIA would later declare that American intelligence indicated the site was a nuclear facility with a military purpose, though Syria denies this.[5] According to news reports, the raid was carried out by the Israeli Air Force's 69th Squadron of F-15Is,[6] F-16s, and an ELINT aircraft; a total of as many as eight aircraft and at least four to cross Syrian airspace.[7] The fighters were equipped with AGM-65 Maverick missiles, 500 lb bombs, and external fuel tanks.[2][8] One report stated that a team of IAF Shaldag commandos arrived at the site the day before so that they could highlight the target with laser beams[6], while a later report had IDF Sayeret Matkal commandos involved.[9]

Contents

[edit] Pre-strike activity

In July 2007, an accidental explosion occurred at a secret military facility in Aleppo while Syria was attempting to weaponize a Scud-C missile with mustard gas, reportedly killing 15 people and injuring 50.[10][11]

ABC News reported that in early summer 2007, Israel had discovered a suspected Syrian nuclear facility, and that Mossad then "managed to either co-opt one of the facility's workers or to insert a spy posing as an employee" at the suspected Syrian nuclear site, and through this was able to get pictures of the target from on the ground."[12]

According to The Sunday Times, members of Israel's Sayeret Matkal covertly raided the suspected Syrian nuclear facility before the airstrike and brought nuclear material back to Israel. Anonymous sources report that once the material was tested and confirmed to have come from North Korea, the United States gave Israel approval for an attack.[9] Senior U.S. officials later denied any involvement in or approval of the attack, but were informed in advance.[13] Another report indicated that Israel planned to attack the site as early as July 14, but some U.S. officials, including Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, preferred a public condemnation of Syria, thereby delaying the military strike until Israel feared the information would leak to the press.[14] The Sunday Times also reports that the mission was "personally directed" by Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak.[9]

A North Korean ship had docked in Syria just a few days earlier,[15] and after the strike North Korea publicly condemned the raid.[16] The ship was later identified as the Al Hamed, a 1,700-tonne cargo ship that was previously owned by a North Korean business. The ship registered itself as South Korean when it travelled through the Suez canal and docked at the Syrian port Tartous on July 28. It returned on September 3, when it was said to have unloaded cement. Records do not indicate where the vessel is as of September 17.[17] By 2008-04-25 the ship was under the flag of Comoros.[18]

On September 28, Al Jareeda reported that Iranian general Ali Reza Asgari, who disappeared in February, was the source for the airstrike.[19]

[edit] Radar detection

Israeli F-15I from the 69th Squadron
Israeli F-15I from the 69th Squadron

According to Aviation Week and Space Technology, U.S. industry and military sources speculated that the Israelis may have used technology similar to America's Suter airborne network attack system to allow their planes to pass undetected by radar into Syria. This would make it possible to feed enemy radar emitters with false targets, and even directly manipulate enemy sensors. Syria is reported to have the new state-of-the art Pantsyr-S1E Russian radar systems. However, the system had not been functional at that time. The Syrian air defense that was operational at that time was suspected to be the Tor-M1 (SA-15) and outdated Pechora-2A (S-125/SA-3) surface-to-air missiles.[20][21]

Aviation Week and Space Technology later reported that Israeli aircraft actually engaged a Syrian radar site in Tall al-Abuad, both with conventional precision bombs, electronic attack, and brute force jamming. They added that prior to the raid the U.S. gave Israel information on Syrian air defenses.[22]

[edit] Target

Suspected Syrian nuclear reactor, after it was destroyed by Israeli air strike
Suspected Syrian nuclear reactor, after it was destroyed by Israeli air strike

CNN first reported that the airstrike targeted weapons "destined for Hezbollah militants" and that the strike "left a big hole in the desert".[23] One week later, The Washington Post reported that U.S. and Israeli intelligence gathered information on a nuclear facility constructed in Syria with North Korean aid, and that the target was a "facility capable of making unconventional weapons".[24] According to The Sunday Times, there were claims of a cache of nuclear materials from North Korea.[6]

Syrian Vice-President Faruq Al Shara announced on September 30 that the Israeli target was The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands, but the center itself immediately denied this.[25] The following day Syrian President Bashar al-Assad described the bombing target as an "incomplete and empty military complex that was still under construction". He did not provide any further details about the nature of the structure or its purpose.[26]

On 14 October The New York Times cited U.S. and Israeli military intelligence sources saying that the target had been a nuclear reactor under construction by North Korean technicians, with a number of the technicians having been killed in the strike.[27]

On December 2 The Sunday Times quoted Uzi Even, a professor at Tel Aviv University and a founder of the Negev Nuclear Research Center, saying that he believes that the Syrian site was built to process plutonium and assemble a nuclear bomb, using weapons-grade plutonium originally from North Korea. He also said that Syria's quick burial of the target site with tons of soil was a reaction to fears of radiation.[28]

[edit] Reaction

Photographs of the Syrian site after the strike are said[specify] to show the absence of most debris and the bulldozing of part of an adjacent hill to cover the remaining foundation.[citation needed]
Photographs of the Syrian site after the strike are said[specify] to show the absence of most debris and the bulldozing of part of an adjacent hill to cover the remaining foundation.[citation needed]

No Arab government besides Syria has formally commented on the September 6 incident. The Egyptian weekly Al-Ahram commented on the "synchronized silence of the Arab world." Neither the Israeli nor Syrian government has offered a detailed description of what occurred. Outside experts and media commentators have filled the data vacuum by offering their own diverse interpretations about what precisely happened that night. Western commentators took the position that the lack of official non-Syrian Arab condemnations of Israel's action, threats of retaliation against Israel, or even professions of support for the Syrian government or people must imply that their governments tacitly supported the Israeli action. Even Iranian officials have not formally commented on the Israeli attack or Syria's reactions.[29]

Syria first responded by saying that its anti-aircraft weapons had fired at Israeli planes, which bombed empty areas in the desert,[30] or later, unused military buildings.[31] During the two days following the attack, Turkish media reported finding Israeli fuel tanks in Hatay and Gaziantep Province, and the Turkish Foreign Minister lodged a formal protest with the Israeli envoy.[30][32] Israel did not comment on the incident, although Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert did say that "The security services and Israeli defence forces are demonstrating unusual courage. We naturally cannot always show the public our cards."[33] Israeli papers were banned from doing their own reporting on the airstrike.[34] On September 16 the head of Israeli military intelligence, Amos Yadlin, told a parliamentary committee that Israel regained its "deterrent capability."[35] U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates was asked if North Korea was helping Syria in the nuclear realm, but replied only that "we are watching the North Koreans very carefully. We watch the Syrians very carefully."[36] The first public acknowledgment by an Israeli official came on September 19 when opposition leader Benjamin Netanyahu said that he had backed the operation and congratulated Prime Minister Olmert.[37] Netanyahu advisor Uzi Arad later told Newsweek "I do know what happened, and when it comes out it will stun everyone."[38]

A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman denounced the intrusion into Syrian airspace on September 11, 2007 and expressed support for Syria.[39]

On September 17 Prime Minister Olmert announced that he was ready to make peace with Syria "without preset conditions and without ultimatums".[40] According to a poll done by the Dahaf Research Institute, Olmert's approval rating rose from 25% to 35% after the airstrike.[41]

On October 2, 2007 the IDF confirmed the attack took place, following a request by Haaretz to lift censorship; however, the IDF continued to censor details of the actual strike force and its target.[42]

An Israeli journalist publishing in Haaretz opined "we can safely say that behind the successful blackout campaign lies an enormous failure" namely the failure to provoke Assad into a military response: "whoever expected him to respond to the operation in a military operation was wrong. "[43] However, the overwhelming majority of publications, in Haaretz and in other Israeli media, maintained the exact opposite.

On October 17, in reaction to the UN press office's release of a First Committee, Disarmament and International Security meeting's minutes that paraphrased an unnamed Syrian representative as saying that a nuclear facility was hit by the raid, Syria denied the statement, adding that "such facilities do not exist in Syria." However state-run Syrian Arab News Agency said that media reports had misquoted the Syrian diplomat.[44]

On October 28, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert told his cabinet that he had apologized to Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan if Israel violated Turkish airspace. In a statement released to the press after the meeting he said: "In my conversation with the Turkish prime minister, I told him that if Israeli planes indeed penetrated Turkish airspace, then there was no intention thereby, either in advance or in any case, to — in any way — violate or undermine Turkish sovereignty, which we respect."[44]

On the same day, the IAEA's Mohamed ElBaradei criticized the raid, saying that to bomb first and ask questions later "undermines the system and it doesn't lead to any solution to any suspicion."[45] The IAEA had been observing the disabling of the DPRK Yongbyon nuclear facilities since July 2007, and was responsible for the containment and surveillance of the fuel rods and other nuclear materials from there.[46]

The New York Times on October 26 published satellite photographs showing that the Syrians had almost entirely removed all remains of the facility. U.S. intelligence sources noted that such an operation would usually take a year's time, and expressed astonishment at the speed with which it was carried out. Former weapons inspector David Albright believed that the work was meant to hide evidence of wrongdoing.[47][48]

The U.S. House Resolution 674, introduced on September 24, 2007, would express “unequivocal support” ... “for Israel’s right to self defense in the face of an imminent nuclear or military threat from Syria.”[11]

On April 28, 2008, CIA Director Michael Hayden that a suspected Syrian reactor bombed by Israel had the capacity to produce enough nuclear material to fuel one to two weapons a year, and that it was of a "similar size and technology" to North Korea's Yongbyon reactor.[1]

The Syrian president, making his first public comments since last week's disclosures by the CIA that Israel bombed a North Korean-built reactor in northern Syria last September, on Sunday dismissed the allegations as false. Independent experts have suggested that Syria did not fortify its suspected reactor in order to avoid drawing attention and because the building was not yet operational. Besides a nuclear program, Syria is believed to have extensive arsenals, as well as biological and chemical warheads for its long-range missiles.[2]

[edit] Release of intelligence

On October 10, 2007 The New York Times reported that the Israelis had shared the Syrian strike dossier with Turkey. In turn the Turks traveled to Damascus and confronted the Syrians with the dossier alleging a nuclear program. The Syrian denied this with vigor saying that the target was a storage depot for strategic missiles.[49]

On October 25, 2007 The New York Times reported that two commercial satellite photos taken before and after the raid showed that a square building no longer exists at the suspected site.[50]

On October 27, 2007 The New York Times reported that the imaging company Geoeye released an image of the building from September 16, 2003, and from this security analyst John Pike estimated that construction began in 2001." A senior intelligence official" also told The New York Times that the U.S. has observed the site for years by spy satellite.[51] Subsequent searches of satellite imagery discovered that an astronaut aboard the International Space Station had taken a picture of the area on September 5, 2002. The image, though of low resolution, is good enough to show that the building existed as of that date.

The IAEA is attempting to investigate the nuclear allegations against Syria, but as of mid-November 2007 had not received the cooperation of either Israel or the United States. The IAEA has seen commercial satellite images of the suspected target, but could not confirm whether or not it was a nuclear facility; in fact, some IAEA experts believe it is "no more than a workshop for the pumice mining industry along the banks of the Euphrates".[52]

On January 11, 2008, DigitalGlobe released a satellite photo showing that a building similar to the suspected target of the attack had been rebuilt in the same location.[53] However, an outside expert said that it was unlikely to be a reactor and could be cover for excavation of the old site.[54]

On April 1, 2008 Asahi Shimbun reported that Ehud Olmert told Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda during a meeting on February 27 that the target of the strike was "nuclear-related facility that was under construction with know-how and assistance from North Korean technicians dispatched by Pyongyang."[55]

CIA model of alleged Syrian reactor.
CIA model of alleged Syrian reactor.

In early April a report in Haaretz indicated that Israel and the United States were coordinating on which details of the attack to release during U.S. Congressional hearing.[56] In anticipation of the hearings, an official said that "The sense is that the Syrians, with the help of the North Koreans, were attempting to build an undeclared facility that could indeed produce plutonium."[57] [58] The Washington Post reported that a video taken inside the site showed that the design of the Syrian reactor core was identical to the North Korean reactor at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center. This video was shown to the Bush administration before Israel launched its strike.[59] According to a U.S. official, there did not appear to be any uranium at the reactor, and although it was almost completed, it could not have been declared operational without significant testing.[60]

A statement from the White House Press Secretary on April 24, 2008 followed the briefing given to some Congressional committees that week. According to the statement, the administration believed that Syria had been building a covert reactor with North Korean assistance that was capable of producing plutonium, and that the purpose was non-peaceful. It was also stated that the IAEA was being briefed with the intelligence.[61] The IAEA confirmed receipt of the information, and planned to investigate. It was critical of not being informed earlier, and described the unilateral use of force as "undermining the due process of verification".[62]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Kumakura, Tak. "North Koreans May Have Died in Israel Attack on Syria, NHK Says", Bloomberg, 2008-04-28. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  2. ^ a b Beaumont, Peter. "Was Israeli raid a dry run for attack on Iran?", The Observer, 2007-09-16. Retrieved on 2007-09-16.
  3. ^ Stephens, Bret. "Osirak II?", The Wall Street Journal, 2007-09-18. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
  4. ^ "Officials say Israel raid on Syria triggered by arms fears", Reuters, 2007-09-12. Retrieved on 2007-09-18.
  5. ^ NKorea-Syria nuclear work had military aims: White House, Associated French Press, 2008-04-24. Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
  6. ^ a b c Mahnaimi, Uzi. "Israelis ‘blew apart Syrian nuclear cache’", The Sunday Times, 2007-09-16. Retrieved on 2007-09-16. 
  7. ^ Hersh, Seymour. "A Strike in the Dark", The New Yorker, 2008-02-11. Retrieved on 2008-02-07.
  8. ^ "Turkish FM slams Israel over fuel tanks", The Jerusalem Post, 2007-09-10. Retrieved on 2007-09-16.
  9. ^ a b c Mahnaimi, Uzi. "Snatched: Israeli commandos ‘nuclear’ raid", The Sunday Times, 2007-09-23. Retrieved on 2007-09-23.
  10. ^ "Syria blast 'linked to chemical weapons': report", Agence France-Presse (AFP), 2007-09-19. Retrieved 2008-04-26
  11. ^ a b "Bill H. Res. 674: Expressing the unequivocal support of the House of Representatives for Israel's right to self...", U.S. House of Representatives, bill introduced 2007-09-24.
  12. ^ Raddatz, Martha. "EXCLUSIVE: The Case for Israel's Strike on Syria", ABC News, 2007-10-19. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.
  13. ^ Hess, Pamela. "White House says Syria 'must come clean' about nuclear work", 2008-04-25, The Associated Press. Retrieved on 2008-04-26.
  14. ^ "Report: Turkish FM to discuss Syria in J'lem", The Jerusalem Post, 2007-10-06. Retrieved on 2007-10-06.
  15. ^ Melman, Yossi. "Records on N. Korean ship docked in Syria were altered", Haaretz, 2007-09-17. Retrieved on 2007-09-23.
  16. ^ Kessler, Glenn. "Syria-N. Korea Reports Won't Stop Talks", The Washington Post, 2007-09-15. Retrieved on 2007-09-23.
  17. ^ Butcher, Tim. "N Korean ship 'linked to Israel's strike on Syria'", The Daily Telegraph, 2007-09-17. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. 
  18. ^ e-ships.net database, accessed 2008-04-25.
  19. ^ "Report: Defecting Iranian official gave info before alleged Syrian foray", The Jerusalem Post, 2007-09-28. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  20. ^ Fulghum, David A. "Why Syria's Air Defenses Failed to Detect Israelis", Aviation Week & Space Technology, 2007-10-03. Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
  21. ^ Fulghum, David A. "Israel used electronic attack in air strike against Syrian mystery target", Aviation Week & Space Technology, 2007-10-08. Retrieved on 2007-10-08.
  22. ^ Fulghum, David A. "U.S. Electronic Surveillance Monitored Israeli Attack On Syria", Aviation Week & Space Technology, 2007-11-21. Retrieved on 2008-04-26.
  23. ^ "Syria complains to U.N. about Israeli airstrike", CNN, 2007-09-11. Retrieved on 2007-09-16.
  24. ^ Kessler, Glenn. "N. Korea, Syria May Be at Work on Nuclear Facility", The Washington Post, 2007-09-13. Retrieved on 2007-09-16.
  25. ^ "Arab League center denies it was Israeli raid target", Middle East Times, 2007-09-30. Retrieved on 2007-09-30.
  26. ^ "Assad sets conference conditions", BBC, 2007-10-01. Retrieved on 2007-10-01.
  27. ^ Sanger, David. "Israel Struck Syrian Nuclear Project, Analysts Say", The New York Times, 2007-10-14. Retrieved on 2007-10-15.
  28. ^ Mahnaimi, Uzi. "Israelis hit Syrian ‘nuclear bomb plant’", The Sunday Times, 2007-12-02. Retrieved on 2007-12-02.
  29. ^ Weitz, Richard. "Israeli Airstrike in Syria: International Reactions", James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (MIIS), 2007-11-01.
  30. ^ a b "Turkey Asks Israel About Fuel Tanks", Associated Press, 2007-09-09. Retrieved on 2007-09-09.
  31. ^ "Israel admits air strike on Syria", BBC, 2007-10-02. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  32. ^ "Turkey complains to Israel over fuel tanks found near border with Syria: reports", Associated Press, International Herald Tribune, 2007-09-09. Retrieved on 2007-09-09.
  33. ^ Urquhart, Conal. "Speculation flourishes over Israel's strike on Syria", The Guardian, 2007-09-17. Retrieved on 2007-09-17.
  34. ^ Harel, Amos. "ANALYSIS: Mummed media base IAF strike reports on world press", Haaretz, 2007-09-16. Retrieved on 2007-09-16.
  35. ^ "Israel says deterrent ability recovered after Syria strike", Associated French Press, 2007-09-16. Retrieved on 2007-09-16.
  36. ^ "Speculation heats up over what Israel hit in Syria", Associated French Press, 2007-09-16. Retrieved on 2007-09-16.
  37. ^ "Netanyahu says Israel carried out Syria air raid, he backed it", Associated French Press, 2007-09-19. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
  38. ^ Ephron, Dan. "The Whispers of War", Newsweek, 2007-10-01. Retrieved on 2007-09-22.
  39. ^ "DPRK slams Israel for intruding Syria's air territory", World, China: Xinhua News Agency, 2007-09-11. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  40. ^ "Olmert says he is ready to make peace with Syria", The Jerusalem Post, 2007-09-17. Retrieved on 2007-09-17.
  41. ^ "Mysterious airstrike in northern Syria boosts Olmert's popularity: Poll", Associated Press, International Herald Tribune, 2007-09-18. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
  42. ^ Oren, Amir. "IDF lifts censorship on air strike against Syria target", Haaretz, 2007-10-02. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.
  43. ^ Oren, Amir. "The consistency of error", Haaretz, 2007-03-10.
  44. ^ a b "USAF struck Syrian nuclear site", The Jerusalem Post, 2007-11-02. Retrieved on 2007-11-03.
  45. ^ "IAEA chief criticizes Israel over Syria raid", Reuters, 2007-10-28. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  46. ^ "IAEA: Implementation of Safeguards in the DPRK", IAEA: Statements of the Director General, Vienna, 2008-03-03. Retrieved on 2008-04-26
  47. ^ "Alleged Syrian atomic reactor 'vanishes'", The Jerusalem Post, 2007-10-26. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  48. ^ "Syria Update II: Syria Buries Foundation of Suspect Reactor Site". Institute for Science and International Security, 2007-10-26. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  49. ^ "Mazzetti, Mark; Cooper, Helene, An Israeli Strike on Syria Kindles Debate in the U.S.", The New York Times, 2007-10-10.
  50. ^ Broad, William. Satellite Photos Show Cleansing of Suspect Syrian Site, The New York Times, 2007-10-26. Retrieved on 2007-10-25
  51. ^ Broad, William; Mazzetti, Mark. "Yet Another Photo of Site in Syria, Yet More Questions", The New York Times, 2007-10-27.
  52. ^ Alexandrovna, Larisa. "US, Israel refuse to cooperate with inquest into Syria strike", The Raw Story, 2007-11-14.
  53. ^ Broad, William. "Syria Rebuilds on Site Destroyed by Israeli Bombs", The New York Times, 2008-01-12. Retrieved on 2008-01-12.
  54. ^ Mikkelsen, Randall. "Syria rebuilding at site bombed by Israel - report", Reuters, 2008-01-15. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
  55. ^ "Report: Olmert admitted Israel struck Syrian nuclear facility", Ynetnews, 2008-04-01. Retrieved on 2008-04-01.
  56. ^ Ravid, Barak; Harel, Amos. "Israel, U.S. plan to release details on Syria attack", Haaretz, 2008-04-06. Retrieved on 2008-04-06.
  57. ^ "U.S. thinks North Korea aided Syria on plutonium program", Reuters, 2008-04-23. Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
  58. ^ "N Korea 'linked to Syria reactor'", BBC, 2008-04-24. Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
  59. ^ Wright, Robin. "N. Koreans Taped At Syrian Reactor", The Washington Post, 2008-04-24. Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
  60. ^ Hess, Pamela. "US shows evidence of alleged Syria-N. Korea nuke collaboration", Associated Press, 2008-04-24. Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
  61. ^ White House (2008-04-24). "Statement by the Press Secretary". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
  62. ^ "Press Release 2008/06: Statement by IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei", IAEA, 2008-04-25. Retrieved 2008-04-26

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
v • d • e
Arab-Israeli conflict
v • d • e
Participants in the Arab-Israeli conflict
Governments
 Egypt •  Iraq •  Israel •  Jordan •  Lebanon •  Palestinian National Authority •  Saudi Arabia •  Syria •  Yemen
Active organizations
Former
Other Governments
 Iran •  Norway •  Turkey •  Russia •  United Kingdom •  United States
Other Organizations
Former States
v • d • e
Arab-Israeli conflict individual participants
Lester B. Pearson • Abd al-Hakim Amer • Hosni Mubarak • Gamal Abdel Nasser • Anwar Sadat • Mahmoud Ahmadinejad • Ali Khamenei • Ruhollah Khomeini • Faisal I • Saddam Hussein • Ehud Barak • Menachem Begin • David Ben-Gurion • Moshe Dayan • Levi Eshkol • Golda Meir • Benjamin Netanyahu • Ehud Olmert • Shimon Peres • Yitzhak Rabin • Yitzhak Shamir • Ariel Sharon • Chaim Weizmann • King Abdullah I • King Abdullah II • King Hussein • Emile Lahoud • Hassan Nasrallah • Fouad Siniora • Mona Juul • Johan Jørgen Holst • Terje Rød-Larsen • Mahmoud Abbas • Yasser Arafat • Marwan Barghouti • George Habash • Ismail Haniya • Amin al-Husayni • Khaled Mashal • Abdel-Aziz al-Rantissi • Ahmed Shukeiri • Ahmed Yassin • King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) • King Abdullah • King Fahd • King Faisal • Folke Bernadotte • Hafez al-Assad • Bashar al-Assad • Shukri al-Quwatli • Salah Jadid • Ernest Bevin • Arthur Balfour • Tony Blair • Richard Crossman • Madeleine Albright • Ralph Bunche • George H. W. Bush • George W. Bush • Jimmy Carter • Bill Clinton • Henry Kissinger • Ronald Reagan • Condoleezza Rice • Dennis Ross • Harry S. Truman • Cyrus R. Vance
v • d • e
Arab-Israeli conflict engagements
1920 Palestine riots • 1921 Jaffa riots • 1929 Palestine riots • 1936–1939 Arab revolt • 1947 Jerusalem riots • 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandate Palestine • 1948 Arab-Israeli War • 1950s terrorism against Israel • 1953 Qibya massacre • 1956 Suez Crisis • 1966 Samu Incident • 1967 Six-Day War • 1968–1970 War of Attrition • 1972 Munich Olympics massacre • 1972 Operation Wrath of God • 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon • 1973 Yom Kippur War • 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War • 1976 Operation Entebbe • 1978 South Lebanon conflict • 1981 Operation Opera • 1982 Lebanon War • 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict • 1985 Operation Wooden Leg • 1987–1990 First Intifada • 1991 Gulf War • 1993 Operation Accountability • 1993-present Palestinian suicide attacks • 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath • 2000–present Al-Aqsa Intifada • 2002 Operation Defensive Shield • 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike • 2004 Operation Rainbow • 2004 Operation Days of Penitence • 2006 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict • 2006 Lebanon War • 2007 2007–2008 Israel-Gaza conflict • Operation Orchard
v • d • e
Diplomacy and Peace proposals in the Arab-Israeli conflict
Damascus Protocol • Hussein-McMahon Correspondence • Sykes-Picot Agreement • 1917 Balfour Declaration • Declaration to the Seven • Anglo-French Declaration • 1919 Faisal-Weizmann Agreement • 1920 San Remo conference • 1922 Churchill White Paper • 1939 White Paper • 1947 UN Partition Plan • 1948 Establishment of Israel • 1948 UNGA Resolution 194 • 1949 Armistice Agreements • 1964 Palestinian National Covenant • 1967 Khartoum Resolution • 1967 UNSC Resolution 242 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 339 • 1974 UNSC Resolution 350 • 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 • 1978 Camp David Accords • 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 • 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty • 1979 UNSC Resolution 452 • 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 • 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 • 1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement • 1991 Madrid Conference • 1993 Oslo Accords • 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace • 1998 Wye River Memorandum • 2000 Camp David Summit • 2001 Taba Summit • 2001 UNSC Resolution 1373 • 2002 Beirut Summit and Peace Initiative • 2002 Road map for peace • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1566 • 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 • 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh Summit • 2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement plan • 2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document • 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 • 2007 Annapolis Conference
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Orchard"
Personal tools