Fort Ross, California
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| Fort Ross | |
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| (U.S. National Historic Landmark) | |
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| Nearest city: | Fort Ross, California |
| Coordinates: | Coordinates: |
| Built/Founded: | 1812 |
| Architect: | Unknown |
| Architectural style(s): | Other |
| Designated as NHL: | November 5, 1961[1] |
| Added to NRHP: | October 15, 1966 |
| NRHP Reference#: | 66000239[2] |
| Governing body: | State |
| Commander's House, Fort Ross | |
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| (U.S. National Historic Landmark) | |
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| Nearest city: | Fort Ross, California |
| Coordinates: | Coordinates: |
| Built/Founded: | 1812 |
| Architect: | Unknown |
| Architectural style(s): | Other |
| Designated as NHL: | May 15, 1970[3] |
| Added to NRHP: | April 15, 1970 |
| NRHP Reference#: | 7000150[2] |
| Governing body: | State |
Fort Ross is a former Russian settlement in what is now Sonoma County, California in the United States. It is a unique site that has been the subject of archaeological investigation and is designated as a National Historic Landmark. Most of the existing buildings on the site are reconstructions. Cooperative research efforts with Russian archives will help to correct interpretive errors now present. The only original structure remaining is the Commander's House, also known as Rotchev House, the residence of the last manager. It was Russian-built in 1812.
The Rotchev House, the Commander's house, at Fort Ross is the only authentic structure at the site, the rest being reproductions. While its exterior has been restored, its interior is badly in need of repair and maintenance to preserve its fragile finishes, make it water-tight, update its electrical systems to code, etc. The Park applied for a Save America's Treasures grant to accomplish this work in 2
Fort Ross State Historic Park offers an Environmental Living Program for students and their parents to stay overnight at Fort Ross and role-play characters associated with the historic fort.
The exact origin of the toponym "Ross" is unknown but it is generally considered to be a poetical shortened version of "Rossiyanin", which is "Russian" in the Russian language and derives from the "Rus," the Norse who settled Novgorod and founded the Kieven dynasty.
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[edit] History
Fort Ross was established by Ivan Kuskov of the Russian-American Company in 1812 as krepost' ross' ("fortress ross")[4] upon the seasonal home of the native Kashaya Pomo, and was a thriving settlement from 1812 to 1841. The Company was chartered by the Russian government (The formal name was "Under His Imperial Majesty's Protection Russian-American Company")and controlled all Russian exploration, trade and settlement in the North Pacific, establishing permanent settlements in Alaska. Fort Ross was the southernmost settlement in the Russian colonization of the region, and was established as an agricultural base to supply the Alaskan settlements. Initially the Company carried on their fur trading business at Fort Ross, but the focus of this settlement was on agriculture and small industry. It was the site of California's first windmills and shipbuilding. Russian scientists associated with the colony were among the first to record California's cultural and natural history.[5] The Russian managers were the first to introduce many European refinements such as glass windows into Colonial California. Together with the surrounding settlement, Fort Ross was home to Russians,and all the various nationalities then under the Russian Empire, such as Poles, Finns, Ukrainians, Estonians, etc., North Pacific Natives and Aleut laborers in their employment, Kashaya, and Creoles.
By 1841 the settlement's agricultural importance had decreased considerably, and the local population of fur-bearing marine mammals had been depleted, so the fur trade was no longer lucrative. Following the formal trade agreement between the Russian-American Company in Sitka and Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver, the settlement at Fort Ross was not needed to supply the Alaskan colonies with food. The Russian-American Company consequently abandoned the settlement, and it was sold to John Sutter, a Californian entrepreneur of Swiss origin.
Afterward, ownership of Fort Ross passed from Sutter through successive private hands and finally to George W. Call. In 1903 the stockade and about three acres of land were purchased from the Call family by the California Historical Landmarks Commission. Three years later it was turned over to the State of California for preservation and restoration as a state historic monument; since then, the state acquired more of the surrounding land for preservation purposes. California Department of Parks and Recreation as well as many volunteers put extensive efforts into restoration and reconstruction work in the Fort.
State Route 1 once bisected Fort Ross. It entered from the northeast where the Kuskov House once stood, and exited through the main gate to the southwest. The road was eventually diverted, and the parts of the fort that had been demolished for the road were rebuilt. The old roadway can still be seen going from the main gate to the northwest; the rest (within the fort and extending northeast) has been removed.
The Fort Ross Chapel was knocked down in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake but much of the original structural woodwork remained and it was re-erected in 1916. It was destroyed by fire in October of 1970, while a few months later the roof of Rotchev House was damaged by arson. The current chapel was built during the intensive restoration activity that followed.
The Russian cemetery on an adjacent ridge has been cleared and the gravesites identified through non-destructive archaeological techniques, primarily soil resistivity.
A large orchard, including several original trees planted by the Russians, is located inland on Ft. Ross Road.
[edit] Colonial administrators
Ivan Alexandrovich Kuskov, a skillful Russian-American Company administrator, served for 22 years in Alaska. He was the founder of Fort Ross and was its colonial administrator from 1812 to 1821.
List of all administrators of the Fort Ross colony:
- Ivan A. Kuskov, 1812–1821
- Karl J von Schmidt, 1821–1824
- Paul I. Shelikhov, 1824–1830
- Peter S. Kostromitinov, 1830–1838
- Alexander G. Rotchev, 1838–1841
[edit] Other meanings
- Along with its status as a National Historic Landmark, the fort itself and the surrounding area (the immediate coastline and the redwood forest some distance inland) are all included in a California State Park under the name Fort Ross State Historic Park.
- Fort Ross also designates the small rural community that exists between the towns of Cazadero, Jenner, and Gualala, with the Ft. Ross Elementary School at its center.
[edit] Timeline
- 1784 — Russians settle at Alaska.
- 1799 — Russians establish a post at Sitka, Alaska.
- 1806–1811 — Nikolai Rezanov, representing the Russian-American Company, visits the Presidio of San Francisco* 1812 — Kuskov brought 25 Russians and 80 native Alaskans to the California coast and established Fort Ross.
- 1821 — Kuskov leaves Fort Ross and is replaced by Karl Schmidt.
- 1824 — Schmidt leaves Fort Ross and is replaced by Paul Shelikhov.
- 1830 — Shelikhov leaves Fort Ross and is replaced by Peter Kostromitinov.
- 1838 — Kostromitinov leaves Fort Ross and is replaced by Alexander Rotchev.
- 1841 — Rotchev sells Fort Ross to John Sutter.
- 1906 — The San Francisco earthquake nearly destroys Fort Ross.
- 1916 — Fort Ross is restored.
- 1970 — A fire at Fort Ross again nearly destroys the former settlement.
- 1971 — Fort Ross is once again restored.
[edit] Buildings
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Kuskov House, located in the mid-eastern area of the fort, was the residence of Ivan Kuskov and the other managers up to Alexander Rotchev. | ||
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Rotchev House, located in the northwest area of the fort, was where the last manager of Ross Alexander Rotchev lived with his family. Built circa 1836, it is the only remaining original building. | ||
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Officials' Quarters, located in the mid-western area of the fort near the gate. | ||
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The Chapel, located at the southeast corner of the fort, is incorporated into the stockade. This reconstruction sees occasional use by local Russian Orthodox groups. | ||
[edit] Climate
The National Weather Service has maintained a cooperative weather station at Fort Ross for many years. Based on those observations, Fort Ross has cool, damp weather most of the year. Fog and low overcast is common throughout the year. There are occasional warm days in the summer, which also tend to be relatively dry except for drizzle from heavy fogs or passing showers.
In January, average temperatures range from 57.0°F to 41.5°F. In July, average temperatures range from 66.3°F to 47.8°F. September is actually the warmest month with average temperatures ranging from 68.1°F to 48.7°F. There are an average of only 0.2 days with highs of 90°F (32°C) or higher and 5.8 days with lows of 32°F (0°C) or lower. The record high temperature was 97°F on September 3, 1950. The record low temperature was 20°F on December 8, 1972.
Average annual precipitation is 37.64 inches, falling on an average of 81 days each year. The wettest year was 1983 with 71.27 inches and the dryest year was 1976 with 17.98 inches. The wettest month on record was February 1998 with 21.68 inches. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 5.70 inches on January 14, 1956. Snow rarely falls at Fort Ross; the record snowfall was 0.4 inch on December 30, 1987.[6]
[edit] Notes
- ^ Fort Ross. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2008-06-17.
- ^ a b National Register Information System. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service (2008-04-15).
- ^ Commander's House, Fort Ross. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved on 2008-06-17.
- ^ Nordlander, p. 10
- ^ Fort Ross Interpretive Association
- ^ Weather Regional Climate Center website
[edit] References
- Fort Ross Interpretive Association (2001). Fort Ross. Fort Ross Interpretive Association, Fort Ross, CA. ISBN 1-56540-355-x.
- Kalani, Lyn and Sarah Sweedler (2004). Fort Ross and the Sonoma Coast. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, SC. ISBN 978-0-7385-2896-0.
- Nordlander, David J. (1994). For God & Tsar: A Brief History of Russian America 1741–1867. Alaska Natural History Association, Anchorage, AK. ISBN 0-930931-15-7.
[edit] External links
- Fort Ross History
- State Parks Fort Ross Website
- Fort Ross Interpretive Association Home Page
- History of Fort Ross.
- parks.sonoma.net History of Fort Ross
- Fort Ross chronology
- http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/449/files/FORTROSS2.pdf
- Early History of the California Coast, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
[edit] See also
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