Southern Pomo language
| Southern Pomo | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in | United States | |
| Region | Northern California | |
| Total speakers | ||
| Language family | Pomoan
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-2 | – | |
| ISO 639-3 | peq | |
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| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Southern Pomo is one of seven mutually unintelligible Pomoan languages which were formerly spoken by the Pomo people in Northern California along the Russian River and Clear Lake. The Pomo languages have been grouped together with other so-called Hokan languages. Southern Pomo is unique among the Pomo languages in preserving, perhaps, the greatest number of syllables inherited from Proto-Pomo (the proto-language from which all seven Pomo languages descend).
Contents |
[edit] The Speakers
The speakers of Southern Pomo were never a unified political group; rather, they were spread across a number of villages and spoke slightly different dialects. Southern Pomo speakers did not have a name for their language or themselves. As the southernmost of the Pomo, the speakers of the language were the first to suffer the ravages of Mexican and, later, European-American invasion. Southern Pomo speakers were used by the Mexicans to construct the last of the California missions. The damage done during the Mexican period was compounded by the European-Americans. Only the northernmost populations of Southern Pomo speakers, those of the Dry Creek and Cloverdale dialects, survived to be recorded by the time linguists began to collect data on the language.
At least four modern rancherias (the California term for small Indian reservations) include members whose ancestral language was Southern Pomo: Dry Creek, Cloverdale, Lytton and Graton. There is currently one known speaker, from Dry Creek, and a handful of partial speakers.
[edit] Work on the language
A small amount of data was collected by early researchers such as Samuel Barrett; however, extensive work was not carried out until Abraham M. Halpern, in the 1940s, collected a number Southern Pomo words and texts as part of a larger effort to collect data on all the Pomo languages. Halpern published one article, Southern Pomo h and ʔ and Their Reflexes, which dealt with aspects of Southern Pomo phonology. Halpern's unpublished notes are currently housed at the University of California, Berkeley. Robert L. Oswalt, who wrote a grammar of the related Kashaya (Southwestern Pomo) language, began to collect Southern Pomo data approximately twenty years after Halpern's fieldwork. Oswalt eventually published one glossed and translated text, Retribution for Mate-Stealing: A Southern Pomo Tale, as well as a number of other articles which included Southern Pomo data together with data from other Pomo languages. Though Oswalt did a large amount of work on a Southern Pomo dictionary, it has never been completed.
[edit] Phonetics and phonology
Southern Pomo has a rich sound system with aspirated, unaspirated, ejective and voiced stops. It has a total of 28 consonants (plus the pseudo-consonant /ː/). The vowel system, in contrast, contains only five qualities: /i u e o a/. All phonemes, both consonants and vowels, can occur long. The full consonant inventory is laid out below.
[edit] Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | unaspirated | p | t̪ | t | k | ʔ | ||
| aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
| ejective | pʼ | t̪ʼ | tʼ | kʼ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | ||||||
| Affricate | unaspirated | ts | tʃ | |||||
| aspirated | tʃʰ | |||||||
| ejective | tsʼ | tʃʼ | ||||||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | h | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Semivowel | (w) | j | (w) | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
