Pashto language

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Pashto
پښتو paʂto
Spoken in: Pakistan: western provinces; Afghanistan: south and east.[1] 
Region: South-Central Asia
Total speakers: approx. 40-45 million[2] 
Ranking: 82 (Northern),
92 (Southern)[3]
Language family: Indo-European
 Indo-Aryan
  Aryan
   Northeastern
    Pashto 
Official status
Official language in: Afghanistan (national along with Dari)
Pakistan (Provincial)
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: ps
ISO 639-2: pas
ISO 639-3: variously:
pus – Pashto (generic)
pst – Central Pashto
pbu – Northern Pashto
pbt – Southern Pashto
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Pashto (پښتو‎, IPA: [pəʂ'to], also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, Pushtu, Pathani or Pushtoo and also known as Afghani[4][5]) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by Pashtuns living in Afghanistan, Pakistan and some parts of India.

Native speakers of Pashto language account for 72.6% of the Afghan population, 15.42% of the Pakistani population and x% of the Indian population. As defined in the Constitution, Pashto is the national and official language of Afghanistan and is used for the administration of the Afghan government throughout the country.

Contents

[edit] Dialects

As a consequence of life in mountainous areas, weak socio-economic inter-relations, along with other historic and linguistic reasons, there are many dialects in Pashto language. However, as a whole, Pashto has two main dialects: soft or western dialect and hard or eastern dialect. The difference between these two dialects is in the use of some vowels and sounds.

[edit] Classification

Pashto belongs to the Aryan (Northeast) subgroup of the Indo-Aryan branch. Indo-Aryan, furthermore, belongs to the Indo-European language family.

In simple terms, we can show the classification as (larger to smaller): Indo-European - Indo-Aryan - Aryan - Northeast

[edit] Official status

Pashto is the national and official language of Afghanistan and is used for the administration of the government throughout the country. It is used in education, literature, office and court business, media, and in religious institutions, etc. It holds in itself a repository of the cultural and social heritage of the country.

[edit] Grammar

Pashto is a S-O-V language with split ergativity. Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for gender (Masculine/Feminine), number (Singular/Plural) and case (Direct/Oblique). Direct case is used for subjects and direct objects in the present tense. Oblique case is used after most pre- and post-positions as well as in the past tense as the subject of transitive verbs. There is definite article, and is quite similar in pronunciation to (The) in English. There is also extensive use of the demonstratives this/that. The verb system is very intricate with the following: Simple Present, Subjunctive, Simple Past, Past Progressive, Present Perfect, and Past Perfect. In any of the past tenses (Simple Past, Past Progressive, Present Perfect and Past Perfect) Pashto is an ergative language, i.e. transitive verbs in any of the past tenses agree with the object of the sentence.

[edit] Phonology

[edit] Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open ɑ

Pashto also has the diphthongs /aj/ /əj/ /aw/

[edit] Consonants

Labial Dental Retroflex Post-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ
Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ k g q ʔ
Fricative f v s z ʂ ʐ ʃ ʒ x ɣ h
Affricate ts dz tʃ dʒ
Approximant l j w
Rhotic r ɺ̡

The sounds /f/, /q/, /h/ are present only in loanwords. Less educated speakers tend to replace them with [p], [k] and nothing, respectively.

The retroflex lateral flap /ɺ̡/ is pronounced as retroflex approximant [ɻ] when final.

[edit] Vocabulary

Pashto has an ancient legacy of borrowing vocabulary from neighboring languages including Vedic Sanskrit and Arabic. Invaders have left vestiges as well as Pashto has borrowed words from Ancient Greek, Arabic and Turkic, sometimes due to invasions. Modern borrowings come primarily from English.

[edit] Writing system

From the time of Islam's rise in South-Central Asia, Pashto has used a modified version of the Arabic script. The seventeenth century saw the rise of a polemic debate which also was polarized along lines of script. The heterodox Roshani movement wrote their literature mostly in the Persianate style called the Nasta'liq script. The followers of the Akhund Darweza, and the Akhund himself, who viewed themselves as defending the religion against the influence of syncretism, wrote Pashto in the Arabicized Naskh. With some individualized exceptions Naskh has been the generally used script in the modern era of Pashto, roughly corresponding with the late 19th and 20th centuries, due to its greater adaptability for typesetting. Even lithographically reproduced Pashto has been calligraphied in Naskh as a general rule, since it was adopted as standard.

Pashto has several letters which do not appear in any other Arabic script which represent the retroflex versions of the consonants /t/, /d/, /r/, /n/. The letters are written like the standard Arabic ta', dal, ra', and nun with a "pandak", "gharwandah" or also called "skarraen" attached underneath which looks like a small circle; ړ ,ډ ,ټ, and ڼ, respectively. It also has the letters ge and xin (the initial sound of which is like the German ch found in the word "ich") which look like a ra' and sin respectively with a dot above and beneath. Pashto also has the extra letters that has been added to the Arabic alphabet such as pe (پ). It has a number of additional vowel diacritics as well, though these often vary in their usage.

[edit] Alphabet

The letters of the Pashto alphabet are:[6][7]

ا ب پ ت ټ ث ج ځ چ څ ح خ د ډ ذ ر ړ ز ژ ږ س ش ښ ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک ګ ل م ن ڼ ه ۀ و ؤ ى ئ ي ې ۍ

[edit] Examples

 This article or section contains only non-IPA pronunciation information which should be expanded with the International Phonetic Alphabet.
For assistance, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation).

Examples of intransitive sentence forms using the verb "to go" "tləl":

Command (you masculine-singular):

  • khawanze/shawanze (ښوونځى) ta dza! or khawanze/shawanze ta lāṛ ša!
  • School to go - Go to school!

Command (you masculine-plural):

  • khawanze/shawanze ta lāṛ šəy!
  • Go to school!

Simple Present:

  • zə khawanze/shawanze ta dzəm.
  • I school to go - I go to school.
  • zə ğwāṛəm če khawanze/shawanze ta lāṛ šəm.
  • I want that to school go (Masculine-I-verb form) - I want to go to school.

Present Perfect:

  • zə khawanze/shawanze ta tləlay yəm.
  • I school to gone (Masculine verb form) am - I have gone to school.

Simple Past:

  • zə khawanze/shawanze ta wəlāṛəm.
  • I school to went - I went to school.

Past Perfect:

  • zə khawanze/shawanze ta tləlay wəm.
  • I school to gone (Masculine verb form) was - I had gone to school.

Past Progressive:

  • zə khawanze/shawanze ta makh kay talay um"
  • I school to was going - I was going to school or I used to go to school

Examples of transative sentence forms using the verb "to eat" "xwaṛəl":

Command (You singular):

  • Panir wəxora!
  • cheese eat - Eat the cheese!
  • Panir məxora!
  • cheese no-eat - Don't eat the cheese!

Command (You plural):

  • Panir wəxorəy!
  • cheese eat - Eat the cheese!
  • Panir məxorəy!
  • cheese no-eat - Don't eat the cheese!

Simple Present:

  • zə panir xorəm.
  • I cheese eat - I eat cheese.

Subjunctive:

  • zə ğwāṛəm če panir wəxorəm.
  • I want that cheese eat (I-verb form) - I want to eat cheese.

Present Perfect: ما پنېر خوړلی دی

  • mā panir xoṛəlay day.
  • me (I-oblique) cheese eaten (masculine-singular verb form) is - I have eaten cheese.

Simple Past:

  • mā panir wəxoṛə.
  • me (I-oblique) cheese ate - I ate cheese

Past Perfect:

  • mā panir xoṛəlay wo.
  • me (I-oblique) cheese eaten (masculine-singular verb form) was - I had eaten cheese.

Past Progressive:

  • mā panir xoṛə.
  • me (I oblique) cheese was eating (masculine-singular verb form) - I was eating cheese or I used to eat cheese.

Questions Stā num tsə day your name what is - what is your name

[edit] See also

[edit] Bibliography

  • Schmidt, Rüdiger (ed.) (1989). Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN 3-88226-413-6. 
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1926) Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan. Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Serie C I-2. Oslo. ISBN 0-923891-09-9

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ University of Texas in Austin - Ethnolinguistic Groups in Afghanistan... , [Link
  2. ^ Ethnologue Report for Pashto
  3. ^ David P. Brown: Top 100 Languages by Population
  4. ^ "afghan." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 03 Jan. 2008. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani>.
  5. ^ "afghan." WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. 03 Jan. 2008. <Word Net http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Afghani&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h=00>
  6. ^ Pashto Alphabet Table
  7. ^ Pashto Alphabet Table

[edit] External links

Wikipedia
Pashto language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Pashto Computer Fonts


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