Celts and human sacrifice
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The Celts practised human sacrifice[1] on a limited scale as part of their religious rituals. Animal sacrifice was more commonplace along with ritual deposition of tools, weapons and jewelery. The evidence for human sacrifices comes from:
- Writings by Romans and Greeks often at second hand or hearsay
- Irish medieval texts
- Archaeological data
All these sources are, however, open to interpretation and subject to bias.
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[edit] Greco-Roman texts
Julius Caesar wrote in his Gallic Wars:
- [The Gauls] believe that unless a man's life is paid for by another man's, the majesty of the immortal gods cannot be appeased [...]. Some [tribes] have figures of immense size, whose limbs, woven out of twigs, they fill them with living men. After these figures have been set on fire, men perish in a sheet of flame. They believe that the execution of those who have been caught in the act of theft or robbery is more pleasing to the immortal gods; but when the supply of victims fails they resort to the execution even of the innocent
[edit] Archeological finding
In sites associated with Celtic settlements throughout Europe, human remains have been found bearing marks of being sacrificed. They have dated from the Neolithic era to far into the Roman times.
At Woodhenge, a three-year-old child had its head sliced open with an axe and was buried in the center of the structure.[2] This appears to be a foundation sacrifice, and similar bodies are found throughout the archeological records. There are also graves that contain several bodies, often one of an aged man, and several younger individuals, who bear marks of having been killed; these appear to be sacrifices to the dead man.
In Havránok, Slovakia, seven people were beaten to death and quartered. Parts of their bodies were subsequently thrown into a pit in the middle of a shrine, either to ensure a good harvest or as an offering to the deities of the Underworld (1st century BCE).
Ritualised decapitation survives in the archaeological record such as the example of 12 headless corpses at the French late Iron Age sanctuary of Gournay-sur-Aronde.
Lindow man may be an example of a human sacrifice from the 1st or 2nd century, preserved in a peat bog in near perfect condition. The case for his sacrifice hinges on the three separate injuries he suffered. He was throttled, clubbed around the head and had his throat slit. This dovetails with the threefold death detailed in medieval texts. Tollund Man has also been suggested as a bog sacrifice although both men may also have been executed criminals.
Iron Age societies may have developed highly ritualised judicial killings in order to both satisfy their gods and punish wrongdoers at the same time.[citation needed]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "The Religion of the Ancient Celts", J. A. MacCulloch, ch xvi, 1911, retrieved 24 May 2007.[1]
- ^ Ronald Hutton, The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy, ISBN 0-631-18946-7, page 90.
