Bodmer Papyri
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The Bodmer Papyri are a group of twenty-two papyri discovered in Egypt in 1952. They are named after Martin Bodmer who purchased them. The papyri contain segments from the Old and New Testaments, early Christian literature, Homer and Menander. The oldest, P66 dates to c. 200. The papyri are kept at the Bibliotheca Bodmeriana, in Cologny, Switzerland outside Geneva. In 2007 the Vatican Library acquired two of the papyri, P74 and P75, which are kept at the Vatican Library. Pope Benedict XVI gave one of the papyri to The Catholic University of America during his April 2008 trip to Washington, D.C.[1]
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[edit] Overview
The Bodmer Papyri were found in 1952 at Pabau near Dishna, Egypt, the ancient headquarters of the Pachomian order of monks; the discovery site is not far from Nag Hammadi. The manuscripts were covertly assembled by a Cypriote, Phokio Tano of Cairo, then successively smuggled to Switzerland,[1] where they were bought by Martin Bodmer (1899-1971). The series Papyrus Bodmer began to be published in 1954, with notes, introduction and French translation. The Bodmer Papyri, now conserved in the Bibliotheca Bodmeriana, in Cologny, outside Geneva,[2] are not a gnostic cache, like the Nag Hammadi Library: they bear some pagan as well as Christian texts, parts of some thirty-five books in all, in Coptic[3] and in Greek. With fragments of correspondence, the number of individual texts represented reaches to fifty.[4] Most of the works are in codex form, a few in scrolls. Three are written on parchment.
Books V and VI of Homer's Iliad (P1), and three comedies of Menander[5] appear among the Bodmer Papyri, as well as gospel texts: Papyrus 66 (P66), is a text of the Gospel of John,[6] dating in the early third century, in the manuscript tradition called the Alexandrian text-type. Aside from the papyrus fragment in the Rylands Library Papyrus P52, it is the oldest testimony for John; it omits the passage concerning the moving of the waters (John 5:3b-4) and the pericope of the woman taken in adultery (John 7:53-8:11). P72 is the earliest known copy of the Epistle of Jude, and 1 and 2 Peter. Papyrus 75 (P75) is a partial codex containing most of Luke and John. Comparison of the two versions of John in the Bodmer Papyri with the third-century Chester Beatty Papyri convinced Floyd V. Filson "A comparison of all three, which had their origins in Egypt, shows that there was no uniform text of the Gospels in Egypt in the third century".[7]
There are also Christian texts that would become declared apocryphal in the fourth century, such as the Infancy Gospel of James. There is a Greek-Latin lexicon to some of Paul's letters, and there are fragments of Melito of Sardis. Among the works is a Christian Vision of Dorotheus, son of "Quintus the poet" assumed to be the pagan poet Quintus Smyrnaeus, written in archaising Homeric hexameters, the earliest Christian hexameter poem (P 29). The earliest extant copy of the Third Epistle to the Corinthians is in Bodmer Papryri X.
The collection includes some non-literary material, such as a collection of letters from the abbots of the monastery of Saint Pachomius, raising the possibility that the unifying circumstance in the collection is that all were part of a monastic library.[8]
The latest of the Bodmer Papyri (P74) dates to the sixth or seventh century.[9]
Beginning in 1954 the Bodmer Library began its series of publications that made editions of the papyri available to scholars, with edited text and French translation and introduction.
[edit] Vatican acquisition
Plans announced by the Foundation Bodmer in October 2006[10] to sell two of the manuscripts for millions of dollars, to capitalize the library, which opened in 2003, drew consternation from scholars around the world, fearing that the unity of the collection would be broken.
Then, in March 2007 it was announced the Vatican had acquired the Bodmer Papyrus XIV-XV (P75), which is believed to contain the world's oldest known written fragment from the Gospel of Luke, the earliest known Lord's Prayer, and one of the oldest written fragments from the Gospel of John.[11]
The papyri had been sold for an undisclosed "significant" price to Frank Hanna III, of Atlanta, Georgia. In January 2007, Hanna presented the papyri to the Pope. They are kept in the Vatican Library and will be made available for scholarly review, and in the future, excerpts may be put on display for the general public. They were transported from Switzerland to the Vatican in "An armed motorcade surrounded by people with machine guns."[12]
On April 17, 2008, Pope Benedict XVI presented one of the papyri to The Catholic University of America.[2]
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ A. H. M. Kessels and P. W. Van Der Horst, "The Vision of Dorotheus (Pap. Bodmer 29): Edited with Introduction, Translation and Notes", Vigiliae Christianae 41.4 (December 1987, pp. 313-359, p 313.
- ^ Some papyri from the same provenance escaped Martin Bodmer and are conserved elsewhere. Sir Arthur Chester Beatty acquired some of the material, and further material is at Oxford, Mississippi, Cologne and Barcelona. For convenience scholars call these as well, "Bodmer Papyri". (Anchor Bible Dictionary).
- ^ Texts in the Bohairic dialect of Coptic had not previously been known older than the ninth century (6. p 51.
- ^ Anchor Bible Dictionary.
- ^ Menander's Dyskolos (P4), Samia and Aspis (at Cologne).
- ^ John 1:1-6:11, 6:35b-14:26 and fragments of forty other pages of John 14-21.
- ^ Filson 1962: 52.
- ^ Kessels and Van der Horst 1987:214.
- ^ Filmer 1962:52.
- ^ Sale of Bodmer Papyri.
- ^ Bodmer Papyrus: History Becomes Reality
- ^ "Earliest Gospels Acquired by Vatican", by Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News, March 5, 2007
[edit] References
- Anchor Bible Dictionary 1:766-77 "Bodmer Papyri".
- Robinson, James M. 1987. The Story of the Bodmer Papyri, the First Christian Monastic Library (Nashville) Includes an inventory of the Bodmer Papyri.
