Linux adoption

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Compiz running on Ubuntu 7.04

Linux adoption is new use of the Linux operating system by homes, organizations, companies, and governments, while Linux migration refers to the change from using other operating systems to using Linux.

There are many factors that have resulted in increased use of Linux systems by traditional desktop users as well as operators of server systems, including desire for decreased operating system cost, increased security and support for open source principles. Several national governments have passed policies moving governmental computers to Linux from proprietary systems in the 21st century.

Contents

[edit] History

Main article: History of Linux

Linux-powered personal computers account for 4% of unit sales.[1] However, it has always been common for users to install linux in addition (dual boot) or in place of the pre-existing Microsoft Operating platform.

[edit] Timeline

[edit] 2007

[edit] 2008

  • Dell announces it will begin shipping Ubuntu based computers to Canada and Latin America[8]
  • Dell is shipping systems with Ubuntu pre-installed in China[9][10]
  • Acer launches the linux-based Acer Aspire One[11]
  • Microsoft denies paying a Nigerian contractor $400,000 to replace Linux on school computers with its own software[12]

[edit] Types of adopters

Knoppix Linux desktop

Although Linux's status as mainstream operating system is relatively recent, it has already been adopted in several different scenarios throughout the home, business, and government.

[edit] Power users

Linux's roots in the Unix operating system mean that in addition to graphical configuration tools and control panels available for many system settings and services, it is often easier or necessary to use plain-text configuration files to configure the OS and many programs. While user access to these files and utilities is controlled by the system administrator, and in theory the user does not need to worry about them, in practice administrators and user are often the same person on a desktop system.[citation needed]

[edit] Government

As local governments come under pressure from institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the International Intellectual Property Alliance, some have turned to open source software as an affordable, legal alternative to both pirated material and expensive computer products from Microsoft, Apple and the like (see below). The spread of free software affords some leverage for these countries when companies from the developed world bid for government contracts (since a low-cost option exists), while furnishing an alternative path to development for countries like India and Pakistan that have many citizens skilled in computer applications but cannot afford technological investment at "First World" prices.

In the preamble to the bill, the Peruvian government stressed that the choice was made to ensure that key pillars of democracy were safeguarded: "The basic principles which inspire the Bill are linked to the basic guarantees of a state of law."[19]
  • In January 2006, law in Venezuela went into effect, mandating a two year transition to open source in all public agencies. [20]
  • In April 2006, the US Federal Aviation Administration announced that it had completed a migration to Red Hat Enterprise Linux in one third of the scheduled time and saved 15 million dollars.[21]
  • The Government of Pakistan established a Technology Resource Mobilization Unit in 2002 to enable groups of professionals to exchange views and coordinate activities in their sectors and to educate users about free software alternatives. Linux is an option for poor countries which have little revenue for public investment; Pakistan is using open source software in public schools and colleges, and hopes to run all government services on Linux eventually.
  • The Ministry of Defence in Singapore began migrating its computers from Microsoft to free software in 2004, while South Korea, China and Japan agreed to cooperate in creating new Linux-based programs.[citation needed]
  • The French Parliament has switched to using Ubuntu on desktop PCs. [22][23]
  • The Government of India has set up a resource centre for Free and Open Source Software managed jointly by C-DAC Chennai and Anna University, Chennai. It has one of its node in Mumbai at VJTI College
  • The Federal Employment Office of Germany (Bundesagentur für Arbeit) has migrated 13,000 public workstations from Windows NT to OpenSuse.[24]
  • Czech Post migrated 4000 servers and 12,000 clients to Novell Linux in 2005[25][26]
  • German Foreign ministry is migrating all of its 11,000 desktops to GNU/Linux and other Open source applications.[27]
  • Vietnam - the Ministry of Information and Communications has issued an instruction on using open source software at state agencies.[28]
  • Malaysian Public Sector Open Source Software Program launched in 2004 saved millions on proprietary software licences till 2008[29][30]
  • Cuba - The Cuban Government announced that it would be launching its own version of Linux called "Nova" to replace Microsoft Windows on that government's computers.[31]

[edit] Education

Edubuntu running in Hungarian.

Linux is often used in technical disciplines at universities and research centres. This is due to several factors, including that Linux is available free of charge and includes a large body of free/open source software. To some extent, technical competence of computer science and software engineering academics is also a contributor, as is stability, maintainability, and upgradability. IBM ran an advertising campaign entitled "Linux is Education" featuring a young boy who was supposed to be "Linux".[32]

Examples of large scale adoption of Linux in education include the following:

  • The OLPC XO-1 (previously called the MIT $100 laptop and The Children's Machine), is an inexpensive laptop running Linux, which will be distributed to millions of children as part of the One Laptop Per Child project, especially in developing countries.
  • Republic of Macedonia deployed 5,000 Linux desktops running Ubuntu across all 468 public schools and 182 computer labs (December 2005). Later in 2007, another 180,000 Ubuntu thin client computers were deployed. [33] [34]
  • Schools in Bolzano, Italy have switched to a custom distribution of Linux (FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux), which will be used by the 16,000 students in the area when they return on 12 September 2005. [35]
  • Brazil has around 20,000 Linux desktops running in elementary and secondary public schools.[citation needed]
  • The Netherlands has an initiative called Open Source en standaarden in het onderwijs, "Open source and standards in education". [36]
  • Government officials of Kerala, India announced they will use only free software, running on the Linux platform, for computer education, starting with the 2,650 government and government-aided high schools. [37]
  • 22,000 students in the US state of Indiana had access to Linux Workstations at their high schools in 2006.[38]
  • Germany has announced that 560,000 students in 33 universities will migrate to Linux. [39]
  • The Philippines has deployed 13,000 desktops of Fedora, the first 10,000 where delivered in December 2007 by ASI. Another 10,000 desktops of Edubuntu and Kubuntu are planned.[40]
  • Russia announced in October 2007 that all its school computers will run on Linux.[41] This is to avoid cost of licensing current unlicensed software.
  • 9,000 computers to be converted to Linux and OpenOffice.org in school district Geneva, Switzerland by September 2008[42]
  • An Indian state Tamil Nadu plans to distribute 100,000 Linux laptops to its students.[43]

[edit] Home

  • Sony's PlayStation 3 comes with a hard disk (20GB, 60GB or 80GB) and is specially designed to allow easy installation of Linux on the system.[citation needed] However, Linux is prevented from accessing certain functions of the PlayStation such as 3D graphics.[citation needed] Sony also released a Linux kit for its PlayStation 2 console (see Linux for PlayStation 2).
  • In 2008 many netbook models were shipped with Linux installed, usually with a lightweight distribution, such as Xandros or Linpus, to reduce resource consumption on their limited resources.[44]
  • Through 2007 and 2008 Linux distributions with an emphasis on ease of use such as Ubuntu are became increasingly popular as home desktop operating systems, with some OEMs, such as Dell and Gliese IT, offering models with Ubuntu or other Linux distributions on desktop systems.[45]

[edit] Business

Linux is also used in some corporate environments as the desktop platform for its employees, with commercially available solutions including Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, and Linspire.

  • Ernie Ball, known for its famous Super Slinky guitar strings, has used Linux as its desktop operating system since 2000. [46]
  • Novell is undergoing a migration from Windows to Linux. Of its 5500 employees, 50% were successfully migrated as of April, 2006. This was expected to rise to 80% by November.[47]
  • Wotif, the Australian hotel booking website, migrated from Windows to Linux servers to keep up with the growth of its business.[48]
  • Union Bank of California announced in January 2007 that it would standardize its IT infrastructure on Red Hat Enterprise Linux in order to lower costs. [49]
  • Peugeot, the European car maker, announced plans to deploy up to 20,000 copies of Novell's Linux desktop, SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, and 2,500 copies of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, in 2007. [50]
  • Mindbridge, a software company, announced in September, 2007 that it had migrated a large number of Windows servers onto a smaller number of Linux servers and a few BSD servers. It claims to have saved "bunches of money."[51]
  • Virgin America, the low cost U.S. airline, uses Linux to power its in-flight entertainment system, RED.[52]
  • Amazon.com, the US based mail-order retailer, uses Linux "in nearly every corner of its business".[53]

[edit] Scientific institutions

[edit] Types of hardware platforms

Linux is used on desktop computers, servers and supercomputers, as well as a wide range of devices.

[edit] Desktop computers

See also: Desktop Linux
Debian running a KDE desktop.

Linux accounts for only around 1% of desktop market share, while Microsoft Windows operating systems hold more than 90%.[55][56][57][58][59][60][61] This may be because Linux is not seen as a direct replacement for Windows.[62] In an openSUSE survey conducted in 2007, 69.5% of respondents said they dual boot a Microsoft Windows operating system in addition to a Linux operating system.[63] Bill Whyman, an analyst at Precursor Advisors, notes that "there still isn't a compelling alternative to the Microsoft infrastructure on the desktop."[64]

Application support, the quality of peripheral support, and end user support are seen as the biggest obstacles for desktop Linux adoption.[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] According to a 2006 survey by The Linux Foundation, these factors were a "major obstacle" for 56%, 49%, and 33% of respondents respectively.[73]

[edit] Application support

Users are accustomed to and want Windows applications which have not been ported to Linux,[74] such as Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, Autodesk AutoCAD, and Intuit QuickBooks.[73] In a DesktopLinux.com survey conducted in 2007, 72% of respondents said they used ways to run Windows applications on Linux.[75]

51% of respondents to the 2006 Linux Foundation survey believed that cross-distribution Linux desktop standards should be the top priority for the Linux desktop community, highlighting the fact that the fragmented Linux market is preventing application vendors from developing, distributing and supporting the operating system.[73][68] In 2008, Gartner reported that "version control and incompatibilities will continue to plague open-source OSs and associated middleware."[76]

[edit] Peripheral support

Availability and quality of open source device drivers have long been issues for Linux desktops. Particular areas which are seen as needing attention are drivers for printing, wireless support, and audio.[77][73] For example, Dell will not sell certain hardware and software with Ubuntu 7.04 computers, including printers, projectors, Bluetooth keyboards and mice, TV tuners and remote controls, desktop modems and Blu-ray disc drives, due to incompatibilities and legal issues.[78]

[edit] End-user support

Compared to Windows, Linux is lacking in end-user support. Linux has traditionally been seen as requiring much more technical expertise.[79][80] Dell's website describes open source software as requiring intermediate or advanced knowledge to use.[72] Founder of the Ubuntu project, Mark Shuttleworth, comments that "it would be reasonable to say that this is not ready for the mass market."[79] Chief Technical Officer of Adeptiva Linux, Stephan February, noted that Linux remains a very technical software product, and few people outside the technical community are able to support consumers. Windows users are able to rely on friends and family for help, but Linux users generally use discussion boards, which can be uncomfortable for consumers.[81][82]

[edit] Other factors

Linux's credibility has also been under attack at times, but as Ron Miller of LinuxPlanet points out:[83]

“ ...the fact that Linux is being criticized is probably a good thing.

First of all, it shows that Linux is making headway in the enterprise and beginning to have an impact on competitors and they are reacting to that. Secondly, it's healthy to take a long look at any solution and analyze its strengths and weaknesses and the economic ramifications of one choice over another.

Ultimately, consumers and decision makers need to look carefully at the data including the sources of the data and the criticism and decide if Linux is the right decision, but as more people choose Linux and it finds its place in the market, it is bound to wear a target. That's simply the price you pay for success in the marketplace.[83]

 ”

There is continuing debate about the total cost of ownership of Linux,[84][85] with Gartner warning in 2005 that the costs of migration may exceed the cost benefits of Linux.[86] Gartner reiterated the warning in 2008, predicting that "by 2013, a majority of Linux deployments will have no real software total cost of ownership (TCO) advantage over other operating systems."[76]

In the SCO-Linux controversies, the SCO Group alleged that source code donated by IBM was illegally incorporated into Linux, although this claim has been shown to be invalid in court. A rival operating system vendor, Green Hills, has called the open source paradigm of Linux "fundamentally insecure".[87][83]

[edit] Servers

Linux became popular in the Internet server market particularly due to the LAMP software bundle.

[edit] Supercomputers

Linux is the most popular operating system among supercomputers.[88][89]

[edit] Devices

See also: Linux devices

Linux is often used in various single- or multi-purpose computer appliances and embedded systems.[90]

[edit] Advocacy

  • The Linux Foundation - host and sponsor key kernel developers, manage the Linux trademark, manage the Open Source Developer Travel Fund, provide legal-aid to open source developers and companies through the Linux Legal Defense Fund, sponsor kernel.org and host the Patent Commons Project
  • iFOSSF International Free and Open Source Software Foundation, nonprofit organization based in Michigan, USA accelerating and promoting the adoption of FOSS worldwide through research and civil society partnership networks.
  • Open Invention Network, is intended to protect vendors and customers from patent royalty fees while using OSS
  • IBM's Linux Marketing Strategy
  • Linux User Groups
  • Asian Open Source Centre (AsiaOSC)
  • Brazil government, under Luis Inácio Lula da Silva.[91]
  • Livre Brasil, a Brazilian organization promoting Linux adoption in schools, public department's, commerce, industry and personal desktops.
  • FOSSFP: Free and Open Source Software Foundation of Pakistan.

[edit] See also

Free software portal

[edit] References

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