Public nudity
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Public nudity or nude in public (NIP) refers to nudity not in an entirely private context. It refers to a person appearing nude in a public place or to be seen from a public place. Nudity in the privacy of a person's home or private grounds or facilities is not public nudity. Nudity at fitness facilities, swimming pools, saunas, or gymnasia, nudist or naturist clubs or resorts are also not public, since they take place on private grounds. Naturism promotes social nudity, but mostly on private properties or officially sanctioned public areas.
In some cases, public nudity may be legal. For example, there are many countries which have designated public areas as nude beaches, or where nude bathing is unofficially tolerated. In those places a person would not face legal prosecution merely for being nude.
Outside of those areas, community and legal acceptance of public nudity varies considerably. To avoid offending the public in general, public authorities maintain what are sometimes called "standards of decency". What falls outside these standards are usually termed "indecent exposure", or similar terminology. These standards, however, vary with time and place. Most people object to public nudity in a sexualised context, or when children are in issue. People regard those who appear nude in public as trying to draw attention to themselves. If the attention seeking is to oneself, it may be referred to as exhibitionism, otherwise it may be to draw attention to a cause (see nudity and protest). There are also some people who disrobe in public to attract publicity to themselves, as a career move, such as some streakers at sporting events. There are also others who spontaneously disrobe in public, as an expression of their freedom and the shedding of inhibitions; an example being skinny dipping.
There are some people who object to any public exposure of a naked human body, on moral, religious or decency grounds, and regard the exposure of a naked body as inherently sexual. (See also gymnophobia.) The degree to which a person can be exposed to be considered "indecent" varies with cultural standards. At one extreme is the former Taliban regime in Afghanistan which considered the exposure of any part of a woman's body in public as indecent, and required all women to wear a burqa in public. Less extreme is the requirement for women who enter a church to wear "modest" clothing and to cover their heads. This is not entirely analogous, because this sort of requirement is not made in respect of a public place. (See also modesty.)
In recent times, it appears that public nudity is becoming more common with nude sporting and other activities being held. These include naked hiking, canuding (nude canoeing), the World Naked Bike Ride, Bay to Breakers, Solstice Cyclists, and modern art movements as seen in the work of Spencer Tunick and others. No general public outcry has accompanied these events.
There are some people who consider nudity in art as public nudity, and by analogy nudity in the media and on the internet; to which others retort that one can always "turn off the switch" or not enter a cinema or art gallery. However, the same cannot be said for some advertising which contains images of naked or semi-naked people on public highways (or which can be seen from a public road) such as billboards, or displayed in shop windows, or magazines of naked people on the cover displayed on news-stands.
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[edit] Legal position
It is generally accepted as a basic principle by most judges in western countries that a naked human body is not in itself indecent. That principle is reflected in depiction of the human form in art of various forms. This is the position, for example, in Germany[1], Scandinavia and Spain. In Barcelona public nudity is a recognised right. Associations Addan, the organisation defending the right to nudity, Aleteia and Barcelona Council have published the "Tríptic de Barcelona" that express this and clothes free rights.[2] In the Netherlands public nudity is allowed on sites that have been assigned by the local authorities and other suitable places [3] which effectively means any complaint will get you arrested as a complaint is indication that the place was not "suitable".
On the other hand, it is also recognised that there are large numbers of people, for various reasons, who are offended by and even distressed with displays of nudity. To accommodate these apparently conflicting principles, the courts will, in general, only intervene if there is more than the mere fact of nudity to consider. Courts will therefore usually consider the issue in terms of "indecent exposure". However, the exact standards of "decency" is subject to local community standards, which vary with time and place, and circumstances. In general, public nudity with a sexual element will be prosecuted, as will one involving children.
In many countries public nudity is forbidden outright on the basis that nudity is inherently sexual. Many states of the United States fine offenders on that basis.[4] (See indecent exposure in the United States.) In many contexts, public nudity has been more accepted, especially at designated areas such as nude beaches and, even in the United States, e.g. during World Naked Bike Ride events or Bay to Breakers.
[edit] Advocates of the right to be nude
- See also: Nudity and protest
Not all people who engage in public nudity see themselves as nudists or naturists or belong to traditional naturist or nudist organizations. Several activists, such as Vincent Bethell, claim that associations with naturism or nudism are unnecessary. Others will point out that many people who participate in events such as clothing-optional bike rides or visit clothing-optional beaches do so casually and without association or formal affiliation to groups or movements. Activist Daniel Johnson believes that labels and affiliations overly complicate a relatively simple phenomenon, alienate others from a fear of over-commitment or undesirable stereotypes, and thus get in the way of integrating nudity into everyday life.
Public nudity has sometimes been used to attract more attention to a public protest, a tactic used by the Doukhobors in the early 20th century, and later (particularly from the 1960s onwards) used more widely. Modern slogans include "Disrobe for disarmament", "Nudes, not nukes!", "Naked For Peace", and PETA's "I'd rather go naked than wear fur!".
[edit] Formal nudity
- See also: Clothes free organizations
Although ceremony and traditions usually involve dressing up, often with some preferential attire, certain cultural or religious traditions actually prescribe(d) nudity, e.g., in the gymnopaidia or the sect of the Adamites.
This may be symbolic, especially for 'rebirth' to a new life phase, as in the case of baptism (originally taken by an adult, later often as a child - to symbolise the washing away of original sin - and/or at least partially covered up) or certain coming of age rites, such as cow jumping by young men of the East African Hammer people before they are eligible for marriage. Another example is the neo-pagan tradition in some Wiccan covens of going skyclad for certain rituals.
In other cases, the physical exposure is a functional part testing endurance, e.g., to undergo scarification, as among various Australian Aboriginal and Sepik River tribes in New Guinea.
[edit] Artistic expression
- Small and big events where naked people appear with body painting.
- While nude modeling is usually done in closed artistic company, the photography of Spencer Tunick is generally shot publicly, outdoors. Tunick is best-known for installations that feature large numbers of nude people (up to 18 thousand) posed in artistic formations. In these formal images the nude form becomes abstract due to the sheer number so closely placed together. For Tunick, the individual naked body is not important; it is the big group which becomes a "living sculpture" in the landscape.
- San Francisco Bay area photographer Jack Gescheidt is staging his events as part of an ongoing series, called "The Tree Spirit Project".
- The photography of Paul Harvey whose book The Spirit of Lady Godiva depicts nude models in urban environments. According to one tradition, Lady Godiva made her famous ride, naked on horseback, through the streets of Coventry, England on July 10 in 1040 in order to gain a remission of the oppressive toll imposed by her husband on his tenants.
- The films of Charles MacFarland are featuring naked people in social settings. Locations include international naturist resorts and beaches.
- Photographer Henning von Berg directs whimsical art happenings with small groups of completely naked people in public urban locations around the globe. While placing a few nude women and men at crowded landmarks in downtown metropolises, he is searching to capture the inter-action between the naked amateur models and the thousands of very surprised passers-by. [6] Von Berg also organized the world’s only-ever male nude photo shoot inside a parliament building, while hundreds of speechless people surrounded the group of six brave amateur models. [7]
[edit] Recreation and sport
- See also: Nudity in sport and Nude recreation
Certain activities in public areas are more readily accepted to be done while naked, such as bathing and swimming. Hiking, bicycling, and other sports may also not be viewed as unusual to be done while nude, especially in rural areas in northern Europe. Everyday activities such as riding a train or bus, shopping, or attending school or work are almost never considered by the public to be appropriate without clothing.
Examples include going Skinny-dipping at Hot springs, nude beaches, naked hiking, streaking and even skating. Sandy Snakenberg has organized nude skating and rollerblading events in San Francisco, the largest of their kind in the world. Nude beaches are found in many Western countries.
[edit] Public nudity in history
Throughout history, poverty has forced some warriors and sailors to be without clothing,[8] but these instances are unlikely examples of public nudity. The closest western historical example of free public nudity was ancient Sparta, a society with rigorous codes of training and physical exercise, yet also having art and music. Spartan women wore briefer clothing than other Greek women, yet they sometimes dispensed with these garments and went nude in the town if they wished.[9] (Customarily, they and other Greek men and women were nude at festivals of the Classical period). In Spartan society naked women or men in the city would probably have been treated with the same respect as clothed people.[10] In general, however, concepts of either shame or offense, or the social comfort of the individual, seem to have been deterrents of public nudity in the rest of Greece and the ancient world in the east and west, with exceptions in what is now South America, and in Africa and Australia.
[edit] Sexualized public nudity
Public nudity may be non-sexualized or sexualized in nature.
Some people regard flashing, streaking and mooning as indecent exposure and as examples of sexual public nudity, though usually of a partial nature. Similarly, dogging, exhibitionism, and voyeurism are regarded by some people as offensive behaviour. Not all people regard these acts as offensive sexualized acts.
Burning Man camps are examples of a range of contexts from non-sexualized nudity to overtly sexually themed camps, while the Folsom Street Fair held in San Francisco is a leather and BDSM themed fair.
[edit] See also
- Bohemianism and Counterculture.
- Culture jamming and Direct action and Flash mob and Smart mob.
- Nudity in combat.
- Intimate parts.
- Nudism.
- Public display of affection.
[edit] External links
- Law of nature prevails in Vermont by Brian McQuarrie, The Boston Globe, August 23, 2006
- Photos from the National Penis Day in New Zealand
- Urbanudismo stages photo events to show reactions toward public nudity (In Spanish)
[edit] Further reading
- The Offense of Public Nudity by Mark Storey
- Naturism and Civil Disobedience by Mark Storey
- Nude & Natural 20.4 Summer 2001. Article by Jim Meyer on TFTBY titled Vincent's Vision: Is Vincent Bethell a menace to decent society? Or the best thing to happen to naturism in years?. Includes an interview with Vincent Bethell. Seven pages with ten pictures.
- Nude & Natural 21.2 Winter 2002. The Bethell Approach: A Protest Colloquy/The Bethell Approach: Is the Time for Mass Nude Protests Upon Us? Includes statements by Vincent Bethell, Mark Nisbet, Cec Cinder, Paul Rapoport, Les Rootsey, Morley Shloss, T.A. Wyner, and Mark Storey. Eight Pages, four pictures. Briefly Noted Vincent Victorious.
- Nude & Natural Vol 21.3: 24-28, Spring 2002.Terri Sue Webb: An American Bethell/Beyond Safe Havens: Oregon's Terri Sue Webb (written by Daniel Johnson).
- Nude & Natural Vol 23.4: 73, Summer 2004.Takin' It to the Streets: The Cutting Edge of Naturism by Mark Storey. Mark claims "The future of naturism is on public lands. To gain naturist freedoms on public lands will require getting naked in public".
- Nude & Natural magazine issues 12.2, 12.3, 13.1 for coverage of Andrew Martinez
[edit] References
- ^ See German position (German)
- ^ addan. Associació per a la Defensa del Dret a la Nuesa. - Asociacion para la defensa del derecho al desnudo
- ^ Nudity and the law
- ^ Vermont does not have a state law against nudity in public.[1]
- ^ Imitation of Christ Runway Review, Laird Borelli, Style.com, September 17, 2002.
- ^ NAKED BERLIN – NAKED SYDNEY.
- ^ NAKED BERLIN – The Liberal Capital
- ^ Chris Fitter, ELH 72 (2005) Emergent Shakespeare and the Politics of Protest: 2 Henry VI in Historical Contexts, p. 136
- ^ Plutarch's lives, the Life of Lycurgus.
- ^ Though they lacked freedom in choosing a partner for marriage, the women were free to practice polyandry.
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