Hanapepe massacre
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On September 9, 1924, toward the end of a long-lasting strike of Filipino sugar workers on Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, local police shot dead sixteen strikers in what came to be known later as the Hanapēpē Massacre. As reprehensible as it may appear in retrospect, the incident did not arouse contemporary public censure nor bring into question the legitimacy of the coercive agents or their actions.
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[edit] History
By the 1920s, the sugar plantation owners in Hawaiʻi had become disillusioned with both Japanese and Filipino workers. They spent the next few years trying to get the U.S. Congress to relax the Chinese Exclusion Act so that they could bring in new Chinese workers. Congress prevented the importation of Chinese labor.
But organized labor in the 1920s' U.S. mainland supported the Congress in this action, so that for a while it looked as though militant unionism on the sugar plantations was dead. To ensure the complete subjugation of labor, the Hawaiian Territorial Legislature passed laws against "criminal syndicalism, anarchistic publications and picketing."
This repression, with penalties of up to 10 years in prison, only increased the discontent of the workers. The Filipinos, who were rapidly becoming the dominant plantation labor force, had deep seated grievances: as the latest immigrants they were treated most poorly. Although the planters had claimed there was a labor shortage and they were actively recruiting workers from the Philippines, they wanted only illiterate workers and turned back any arrivals who could read or write, as many as one in six.
[edit] Strikes and Massacre
By 1922 Filipino labor activist Pablo Manlapit had organized a new Filipino Higher Wage Movement which numbered some 13,000 members. In April 1924, it called for a strike on the island of Kauaʻi, demanding $2 a day in wages and reduction of the workday to 8 hours. As they had previously, the plantation owners used armed forces, the National Guard, and strike breakers paid a higher wage than the strikers demanded. Again workers were turned out of their homes. Propaganda was distributed to whip up racism. Spying and infiltration of the strikers' ranks was acknowledged by Jack Butler, executive head of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.
Strike leaders were arrested in attempts to disrupt workers' solidarity, and people were bribed to testify against them. On September 9, 1924, outraged strikers seized two strike breakers at Hanapēpē, Kauaʻi and prevented them from going to work. The police, armed with clubs and guns, came to union headquarters to 'rescue' them. Filipino strikers were armed only with homemade weapons and knives.
The Associated Press flashed the story of what followed across the United States in the following words: Honolulu. - Twenty persons dead, unnumbered injured lying in hospital, officers under orders to shoot strikers as they approached, distracted widows with children tracking from jails to hospitals and morgues in search of missing strikers - this was the aftermath of a clash between cane strikers and workers on the McBryde plantation, Tuesday at Hanapepe, island of Kauai. The dead included sixteen Filipinos and four policemen.
[edit] Aftermath
101 Filipinos were arrested. 76 were brought to trial, and of these 60 received four-year jail sentences. Pablo Manlapit was charged with subornation of perjury and was sentenced to two to ten years in prison. The Hawaiʻi Hochi claimed that he had been railroaded into prison, a victim of framed-up evidence, perjured testimony, racial prejudice and class hatred. Shortly thereafter, he was paroled on condition that he leave Hawaiʻi. After eight months the strike disintegrated.
The Federationist, the official publication of the American Federation of Labor, reported that in 1924, the ten leading sugar companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange paid dividends averaging 17 percent. From 1913 to 1923, the eleven leading sugar companies paid cash dividends of 172.45 percent, and most of them issued large stock dividends.
After the 1924 strike, the labor movement in Hawaiʻi dwindled, but did not die. Discontent among the workers rarely surfaced again. Pablo Manlapit, who had been imprisoned and exiled, returned to the islands in 1932 and started a new labor organization, this time hoping to include other ethnic groups. But the time was not ripe in the Depression years. There were small nuisance strikes in 1933 that made no headway and involved mostly Filipinos.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Beechert, Edward D. Working in Hawaii: A Labor History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8248-0890-8P
- Chang, Lester. "Massacre Strengthened Labor Unions." Kauai Garden Island. May 26, 2006. Accessed May 23, 2007.
- Monrayo, Angeles. Tomorrow's Memories: A Diary, 1924-1928. Rizaline R. Raymunod, ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003. ISBN 082482671X
- "Plaque Remembers Hanapepe Massacre." Associated Press. September 10, 2006. Accessed May 23, 2007.
- Reinecke, John E. The Filipino Piecemeal Sugar Strike of 1924-1925. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997. ISBN 0824818962
- Soboleski, Hank. "Pablo Manlapit and the Hanapepe Massacre." Kauai Garden Island. September 9, 2006. Accessed May 23, 2007.
