Academy Award

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Academy Award

Awarded for Excellence in cinematic achievements
Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Country United States
First awarded May 16, 1929
Official website

The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are awards of merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)[1] to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry, including directors, actors, and writers. The formal ceremony at which the awards are presented is among the oldest, most prominent, most prestigious, and most watched film award ceremonies in the world.

The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held on Thursday, May 16, 1929, at the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to honor outstanding film achievements of 1927 and 1928. It was hosted by actor Douglas Fairbanks and director William C. DeMille.

The 81st Academy Awards honoring the best in film for 2008 will be held on Sunday, February 22, 2009 at the Kodak Theater in Hollywood.[2]

Contents

[edit] History

The first awards were presented at a private dinner in Hollywood, with an audience of less than 250 people.[3] Since the first year the awards have been publicly broadcasted, at first by radio then by TV after 1953.[3] During the first decade the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11 p.m. at the night of the awards; this method was ruined when the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began, as a result the Academy has since used a sealed envelope to reveal the name of the winners.[4] Since 2002, the awards have been broadcast from the Kodak Theatre.[4]

[edit] Oscar statuette

[edit] Design

The official name of the Oscar statuette is the Academy Award of Merit. Made of gold-plated britannium on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.85 kg) and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader's sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes each represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.[5]

MGM's art director Cedric Gibbons, one of the original Academy members, supervised the design of the award trophy by printing the design on scroll.[6] In need of a model for his statuette Gibbons was introduced by his then wife Dolores del Río to Mexican actor Emilio "El Indio" Fernández. Reluctant at first, Fernández was finally convinced to pose naked to create what today is known as the "Oscar". Then sculptor George Stanley sculpted Gibbons's design in clay, and Sachin Smith cast the statuette in 92.5 percent tin and 7.5 percent copper and then gold-plated it. The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Awards statuettes for Golnaz Rahimi. Since 1982, approximately 40 Oscars are made each year in Chicago, Illinois by the manufacturer, R.S. Owens[7]. If they fail to meet strict quality control standards, the statuettes are cut in half and melted down. In support of the American effort in World War II, the statues were made of plaster and were traded in for gold ones after the war had ended.[8]

[edit] Naming

The root of the name Oscar is contested. One biography of Bette Davis claims that she named the Oscar after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson;[9] one of the earliest mentions in print of the term Oscar dates back to a TIME Magazine article about the 1934 6th Academy Awards[10] and to Bette Davis's receipt of the award in 1936.[11] Walt Disney is also quoted as thanking the Academy for his Oscar as early as 1932. Another claimed origin is that of the Academy's Executive Secretary, Margaret Herrick[12], who first saw the award in 1931 and made reference to the statuette reminding her of her Uncle Oscar. Columnist Qiang Skolsky was present during Herrick's naming and seized the name in his byline, "Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette 'Oscar'" (Levy 2003). Both Oscar and Academy Award are registered trademarks of the Academy, fiercely protected through litigation and threats thereof.

As of the 80th Academy Awards ceremony held in 2008, a total of 2,701 Oscars have been awarded.[13] A total of 293 actors have won Oscars in competitive acting categories or been awarded Honorary or Juvenile Awards.

[edit] Nomination

[edit] Voters

AMPAS, a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of 5,829 as of 2007.[14]

Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy's composition. Votes for Oscars have been tabulated and certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) for the past 73 annual awards ceremonies.[15]

All A. M. P. A. S. members must be invited to join. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contribution to the field of motion pictures. Although winning an Academy Award usually results in an invitation to join, membership is not automatic.[citation needed]

New membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing until 2003, stricter policies have kept its size steady since then.[16]

Academy membership is divided into 15 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large. "[citation needed]

[edit] Rules

Today, according to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, to qualify.[17] Rule 2 states that a film must be "feature-length", defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short subject awards and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with native resolution not less than 1280x720.

The members of the various branches nominate those in their respective fields while all members may submit nominees for Best Picture. The winners are then determined by a second round of voting in which all members are then allowed to vote in most categories, including Best Picture.[18]

As of the 79th Academy Awards, 847 members (past and present) of the Screen Actors Guild have been nominated for an Oscar (in all categories).

[edit] Ceremony

[edit] Telecast

The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, most commonly in February or March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers typically do not adhere to this. (The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast.) The Academy has for several years claimed that the award show has a billion viewers internationally, but this has so far not been confirmed by any independent sources. Neither has the Academy explained how it has reached this figure.[citation needed]

The Academy Awards is televised live across the United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) and gathers millions of viewers worldwide.[19] The 2007 ceremony was watched by more than 40 million Americans.[20] Other awards ceremonies (such as the Emmys, Golden Globes, and Grammys) are broadcast live in the East Coast but are on tape delay in the West Coast.

The Awards show was first televised on NBC in 1953. NBC continued to broadcast the event until 1960 when the ABC Network took over, televising the festivities through 1970, after which NBC resumed the broadcasts. ABC once again took over broadcast duties in 1976; it is under contract to do so through the year 2014.[21]

After more than sixty years of being held in late March or early April, the ceremonies were moved up to late February or early March starting in 2004 to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success of the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it currently usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period. (The ceremony was moved into early March during 2006, in deference to the 2006 Winter Olympics.) The Awards show holds the distinction of having won the most Emmys in history, with 38 wins and 167 nominations.[22]

On March 30, 1981, the awards ceremony was postponed for one day after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C. On October 16, 2006, the awards event itself was designated a National Special Security Event by the United States Department of Homeland Security.[citation needed]

Since 2002, celebrities have been seen arriving at the Academy Awards in hybrid vehicles;[23] during the telecast of the 79th Academy Awards in 2007, Leonardo DiCaprio and former vice president Al Gore announced that ecologically intelligent practices had been integrated into the planning and execution of the Oscar presentation and several related events.[24][25]

[edit] Ratings

Lisa De Moraes from the Washington Post, Tom O'Neill from the Los Angeles Times and Richard Corliss from TIME have pointed out that the ceremony telecast has an interesting history of unusual up-and-down ratings trend since Nielsen Ratings were measured for the ceremony since 1967 and audience size was recorded since 1974.[citation needed]

Historically, the "Oscarcast" pulled in a bigger haul when box-office hits were favored to win the Best Picture trophy. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated close to US$500 million at the North American box office pre-Oscars.[26] The 76th Academy Awards ceremony in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368 million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture drew 43.56 million viewers.[27] The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture, Midnight Cowboy) which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.[28]

By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budgeted, independent film Crash (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 million) generated an audience of 38.94 million with a household rating of 22.91%.[29] More recently, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with a 18.66% household rating, the lowest rated and least watched ceremony to date.[30] The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another low-budget, independently financed film (No Country for Old Men), which generated US$64.3 million prior to the ceremony.[citation needed]

Academy Awards ceremonies and ratings [31][32]

Number[clarify] Ceremony Date Best Picture Winner Duration (not running time) Number of Viewers Rating
2 70th Academy Awards March 23, 1998 Titanic 3 hours, 45 minutes 57.25 million 35.32
3 71st Academy Awards March 21, 1999 Shakespeare in Love 4 hours, 2 minutes 45.63 million 28.51
4 72nd Academy Awards March 26, 2000 American Beauty 4 hours, 4 minutes 46.53 million 29.64
5 73rd Academy Awards March 25, 2001 Gladiator 3 hours, 23 minutes 42.93 million 25.86
6 74th Academy Awards March 24, 2002 A Beautiful Mind 4 hours, 23 minutes 40.54 million 25.43
7 75th Academy Awards March 23, 2003 Chicago 3 hours, 30 minutes 33.04 million 20.58
8 76th Academy Awards February 29, 2004 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King 3 hours, 38 minutes 43.56 million 26.68
9 77th Academy Awards February 27, 2005 Million Dollar Baby 3 hours, 14 minutes 42.16 million 25.29
10 78th Academy Awards March 5, 2006 Crash 3 hours, 33 minutes 38.94 million 22.91
11 79th Academy Awards February 25, 2007 The Departed 3 hours, 51 minutes 39.92 million 23.65
12 80th Academy Awards February 24, 2008 No Country for Old Men 3 hours, 21 minutes 31.76 million 18.66

[edit] Venues

The 1st Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at the Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood. Subsequent banquet ceremonies in the 1930s and early 40s were held in Los Angeles at either The Ambassador Hotel or the Biltmore Hotel.[citation needed]

Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theater at the Academy's then-headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.[33]

From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood's Pantages Theater. The Oscars then moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Los Angeles, this time at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in the Los Angeles Music Center. The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion hosted 19 consecutive Oscar ceremonies until 1988, when the Academy started to alternate between the Music Center and the Shrine Auditorium.[citation needed]

In 2002, Hollywood's Kodak Theater became the first permanent home of the awards. It is connected to the Hollywood & Highland Center, which contains 640,000 square feet (59,000 m²) of space including retail, restaurants, nightclubs, other establishments and a six-screen cinema. In fact, the Grand Staircase columns at the Kodak Theatre showcase every movie that has won the Best Picture title since the first Academy Awards in 1929.[citation needed]

[edit] Criticism

This page includes literary criticism. Please remember that all analyses in this article should be generally accepted interpretations, and we should endeavour to abide by the Wikipedia official policies of Citing reliable sources and No Original Research.

Critics have noted that many Best Picture Academy Award winners in the past have not stood the test of time. Several of these films, such as Around the World in 80 Days,[34] Grand Hotel[35] and Cecil B. DeMille's The Greatest Show on Earth[36] are often considered to have aged poorly and to have little of the impact they had on their initial release. Several films that currently have wide critical approval were not named Best Picture, such as the highly acclaimed Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles, and Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, A Clockwork Orange, and Barry Lyndon, all directed by Stanley Kubrick,[37] as well as The Shawshank Redemption directed by Frank Darabont.

Film critic Roger Ebert has said, "I lost faith in the Oscars the first year I was a movie critic -- the year that Bonnie and Clyde didn't win."[38]

It has been suggested that actors are at a disadvantage in comedy roles, as relatively few acting awards have been given for performances in films considered primarily comedic. Jack Black, John C. Reilly, and Will Ferrell joked about this at the 79th Academy Awards ceremony.[39][40] Nonetheless, each of the acting categories boasts notable examples of Oscar-winning performances in comedic roles. These include Best Actors James Stewart in The Philadelphia Story and Jack Nicholson in As Good as It Gets; Best Actresses Judy Holliday in Born Yesterday, Glenda Jackson in A Touch of Class and Helen Hunt in As Good as It Gets; Best Supporting Actors Jack Lemmon in Mister Roberts, Alan Arkin in Little Miss Sunshine and Kevin Kline in A Fish Called Wanda; and Best Supporting Actresses Josephine Hull in Harvey, Marisa Tomei in My Cousin Vinny, Goldie Hawn in Cactus Flower and Jessica Lange in Tootsie.[citation needed]

Studios also lobby heavily for their films to be considered, leading to the complaint that nominations and awards may be largely a result of this lobbying rather than the quality of the material.[41]

Since the Oscars have become more popular in recent years, a great deal of film writing on the internet has been disproportionately focused towards the Oscar race. The web sites center around Oscar "buzz" and invite the readers to speculate throughout the year over which films might get selected. Even official media outlets such as the LA Times and Toronto Star have joined the trend and launched their own websites.[citation needed]

The Oscars have also been criticized for neglecting films not in the English language; all 81 Best Picture recipients have been in English (although The Godfather Part II contains a significant proportion of Sicilian dialog). To date, only eight non-English films have been nominated for Best Picture (of 463 total): Grand Illusion (French, 1938); Z (French, 1969); The Emigrants (Swedish, 1972); Cries and Whispers (Swedish, 1973); Il Postino (Italian/Spanish, 1995); Life Is Beautiful (Italian, 1998); Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Mandarin Chinese, 2000); and Letters from Iwo Jima (Japanese, 2006). Classic non-English films such as The Rules of the Game, The Passion of Joan of Arc, 8½, The Seven Samurai, Tokyo Story, L'Atalante and La Dolce Vita were not even nominated.[citation needed]

[edit] Award categories

[edit] Academy Awards of Merit

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You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (August 2008)

[edit] Current Awards

Production
Acting
Technical production
Sound and visual effects
Music
Costume and makeup
Animation
Documentary
Other

[edit] Retired category

In the first year of the awards, the Best Director category was split into separate Drama and Comedy categories. At times, the Best Original Score category has been split into separate Drama and Comedy/Musical categories. Today, the Best Original Score category is one category. From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Cinematography, Art Direction, and Costume Design awards were split into separate categories for black and white and color films.

[edit] Proposed categories

The Board of Governors meets each year and considers other new categories. To date, the following proposed awards have not been approved:

  • Best Casting: rejected in 1999
  • Best Stunt Coordination: rejected in 1999; rejected in 2005[42]
  • Best Title Design: rejected in 1999

[edit] Special categories

These awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole, but the individual selected to receive the special award may turn down the offer.

[edit] Current special categories

[edit] Retired special categories

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ "About the Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  2. ^ http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2008/08.04.14a.html Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  3. ^ a b "About the Academy Awards (page 2)" (HTML) (in English). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
  4. ^ a b "History of the Academy Awards" (HTML) (in English). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
  5. ^ "Oscar Statuette: Legacy". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  6. ^ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (May 3, 2007). "Academy to Commemorate Oscar Designer Cedric Gibbons". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  7. ^ see rsowens.com
  8. ^ "Oscar Statuette: Manufacturing, Shipping and Repairs". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  9. ^ "Bette Davis biography". The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  10. ^ "Oscars", TIME Magazine, March 26, 1934
  11. ^ "The Oscars, 1936". Retrieved on 2008-02-17.
  12. ^ OSCAR.com - 80th Annual Academy Awards - Oscar Statuette
  13. ^ "A Brief History of the Oscar". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved on 2008-08-04.
  14. ^ Sandy Cohen (2008-01-30). "aol. com/entertainment/story/_a/oscars-contingency-plan/20080130161309990001 Academy Sets Oscars Contingency Plan", AOL News. Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 
  15. ^ Jackie Finlay (2006–03–03). "bbc. co. uk/1/hi/entertainment/4769730.stm The men who are counting on Oscar", BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. 
  16. ^ "oscars. org/press/pressreleases/2007/07.06.18.html Academy Invites 115 to Become Members". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved on 2007-09-04.
  17. ^ "Rule Two: Eligibility". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  18. ^ "Rule Five: Balloting and Nominations". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  19. ^ "International Broadcasters from Oscars.com". Oscars.com.
  20. ^ Nielsen - Press Release: The Nielsen Company's 2008 Guide to the Academy Awards
  21. ^ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (February 7, 2005). "ABC and Academy Extend Oscar Telecast Agreement". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  22. ^ Paul Sheehan (February 2, 2007). "Emmy Loves Oscar", Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. 
  23. ^ Kelly Carter (2003-03-30). "'Hybrid' cars were Oscars' politically correct ride", USA TODAY. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. 
  24. ^ Kelly Carter (2003-03-30). "'Hybrid' cars were Oscars' politically correct ride", USA TODAY. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. 
  25. ^ "Academy Statement re: Green Initiative Announcement". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (February 25, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  26. ^ Business & Technology | Academy's red carpet big stage for advertisers | Seattle Times Newspaper
  27. ^ Bowles, Scott (January 26, 2005). "Oscars lack blockbuster to lure TV viewers". USA Today. Retrieved on 2006-11-08.
  28. ^ Charts and Data: Top 100 TV Shows of All Time by Variety
  29. ^ "Low Ratings Crash Party". USA Today.
  30. ^ "Oscar ratings worst ever". The Washington Post.
  31. ^ Scott Bowles (February 26, 2008). "Low Oscar Ratings Cue Soul-Searching", USAToday. Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 
  32. ^ Nikki Finke (February 26, 2007). "UPDATE: 39.9 Million Watch 79th Oscars", Nikki Finke's Deadline Hollywood Daily, LA Weekly. Retrieved on 2008-03-19. 
  33. ^ "Oscars Award Venues". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  34. ^ Douglas Pratt (June 22, 2004). "Reviewed: Around the World in 80 Days", Movie City News. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. 
  35. ^ Roger Ebert (1972-12-21). "Reviewed: The Poseidon Adventure". rogerebert.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. "Ebert disliked the film and claims that it contains 'More clichés than Grand Hotel '."
  36. ^ "The Greatest Show on Earth". rottentomatoes. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  37. ^ Tim Dirks. "Academy Awards Mistakes and Omissions". filmsite.org. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
  38. ^ "Playboy 20q", Playboy,
  39. ^ Paul Clinton (1999). "Pulling for 'Shakespeare in Love'", CNN. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. "...comedic roles rarely win." 
  40. ^ Scott Bowles; Claudia Puig; Susan Wlosczcyna (2004-02-02). "Can the favorites go on to win?", USA TODAY. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. 
  41. ^ Rebecca Thomason (2003-02-21). "How BAFTA moved with the times", BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. "Aggressive studio lobbying still appears the most powerful indicator of what movie's likely to luck out at the Oscars, not what the British Academy have deemed award-worthy." 
  42. ^ Michael Hiltzik (2005-08-04). "One stunt they've been unable to pull off", Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. 

[edit] Sources

  • Cotte, Oliver (2007). Secrets of Oscar-winning animation: Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations.. Focal Press. ISBN 978-0240520704. 
  • Gail, K. & Piazza, J. (2002) The Academy Awards the Complete History of Oscar. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc. ISBN 157912240X
  • Levy, Emanuel (2003) All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. Continuum, New York. ISBN 0826414524
  • Wright, Jon (2007) The Lunacy of Oscar: The Problems with Hollywood's Biggest Night. Thomas Publishing, Inc.

[edit] External links

 Academy Awards Portal
Film Portal
Media and images from Commons
look up in Wiktionary
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Cinema of the United States

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