Cod Wars
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The Cod Wars, also called the Iceland Cod Wars (Icelandic: Þorskastríðin, "the cod wars", or Landhelgisstríðin, "the wars for the territorial waters"[1]) were a series of confrontations in the 1950s and 1970s between the United Kingdom and Iceland regarding fishing rights in the North Atlantic. The name of the conflict may be derived from a pun on the term "Cold War" (with "cod" reading so similarly to "cold"), possibly via the British tabloid press.[citation needed]
In 1972, Iceland unilaterally declared an Exclusive Economic Zone extending beyond its territorial waters, before announcing plans to reduce overfishing. It policed its quota system with the coast guard, leading to a series of net-cutting incidents with British trawlers that fished the areas. As a result, a fleet of Royal Naval warships and tug-boats was employed to act as a deterrent against any future harassment of British fishing crews by the Icelandic craft.
In 1976, a compromise between the two states allowed a maximum of 24 British trawlers access to the disputed 200 nautical mile (370 km) limit. Two-hundred-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zones became recognized internationally on November 14, 1994, after having been agreed at the conference on the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982.
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[edit] Background and history
Iceland's population of 250,000 was at that time almost exclusively dependent on fishing as a source of income. As fish stocks diminish around the world, the scope for confrontation has increased. Throughout the world, examples exist of a nation's fishing fleets committing systematic incursions into fishing areas considered either "protected" or under the jurisdiction of another country.
With increases in fishing ability enabled by steam power in the latter part of the 19th century, pressure was exerted on boat owners and skippers to exploit new grounds. Large catches in Icelandic waters meant voyages across the North Atlantic became more regular. As a result, in 1893, the Danish Government, who governed Iceland and the Faroe Islands, claimed a fishing limit of 13 nautical miles (24 km) around their shores. British trawler owners disputed this claim and continued to send their ships to Icelandic waters. Danish gunboats patrolling the area escorted a number of vessels to port, fined them and confiscated their catch.
The British Government did not recognize this claim, on the grounds that setting such a precedent would lead to similar claims by nations which surrounded the North Sea, which would be damaging to the British fishing industry.
In 1896, the United Kingdom made an agreement with Iceland which allowed for British vessels to use any Icelandic port for shelter, provided they stowed their gear and trawl nets. In return, British vessels were not to fish east of a line from Illunypa to Thornodesker Islet.
In April 1899, the steam trawler Caspian was fishing off the Faroe Islands when a Danish gunboat tried to arrest her for illegally fishing inside the limits. The trawler refused to stop and was fired upon. Eventually the trawler was caught, but before going aboard the Danish vessel, the skipper ordered his fishing mate to make a dash for it. The Caspian set off at full speed. The gunboat fired several shots, but could not catch up with the trawler, which returned heavily damaged to Grimsby. On board the Danish gunboat, the skipper of the Caspian was lashed to the mast. A court held at Thorshavn convicted him on several counts including illegal fishing and attempted assault and was jailed for thirty days.
With many British trawlers being charged and fined by Danish gunboats for fishing illegally within the 13 mile (24.1 km) limit (which the British Government did not recognize), the British press began to enquire why this Danish action against British interests was allowed to continue without intervention by the Royal Navy. The issue was left largely unresolved, and the reduction in fishing activity brought about by the First World War effectively ended the dispute.
| First Cod War | |||||||||
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| Part of the Cod Wars | |||||||||
 Coventry City and ICGV Albert off the Westfjords |
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Iceland: |
 United Kingdom |
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| Commanders | |||||||||
| Hermann Jónasson
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Harold Macmillan
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| Strength | |||||||||
 Icelandic Coast Guard2 large Patrol vessels (3 in Feb. 1960) 6 small Patrol vessels |
 Royal Navy28 Destroyers 32 Frigates 1 Fast Minelayer 1 Minesweeper 10 RFA Supply vessels |
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[edit] The First Cod War
The First Cod War lasted from 1 September until 12 November 1958. It began as soon as a new Icelandic law that expanded the Icelandic fishery zone from 4 nautical miles (nm) to 12 nm (from 7.4 to 22.2 km), came into force at midnight of 1 September.
The British declared that their trawlers would fish under protection from their warships in three areas, out of the Westfjords, north of Horn and to the southeast of Iceland. All in all, 20 British trawlers, 4 warships and a supply vessel were inside the newly declared zones. This deployment was expensive, in February 1960 Lord Carrington, head of the Royal Navy, reported that his ships near Iceland had expended half a million pound sterling worth of oil since the new year. As well as that all in all 53 British warships had taken part in the operations.[2] Against this Iceland could deploy seven Patrol vessels[3] and a single PBY-6A Catalina flying boat.[4]
Many incidents followed, such as the one on 4 September, when the V/s Ægir, an Icelandic patrol vessel, attempted to take a British trawler off the Vestfjords, but was thwarted when HMS Russell intervened, and the two vessels collided.
At the end of September, the crew of V/s Þór (Thor) noticed that the British trawler Cape Palliser was flying the Soviet flag along with the Union Jack. Þór's captain sent a message to the commander of HMS Grafton, asking whether this was done at their request or the crew of the Cape Palliser had actually changed their nationality. When news of this reached the USSR, the Soviet government protested heavily, for this was a violation of international law. Later the Cape Palliser was rammed and holed amidships by another trawler. During the period it was drifting helplessly, the Captain of the Þór attempted to board the Cape Palliser and arrest her, but was thwarted by HMS Grafton, the Grafton performed temporary repairs on the Cape Palliser by placing a temporary patch on her hull so that she could limp home. The Cape Palliser stopped at Thorshavn in the Faroe Islands on the way back to Hull, where the shipyard workers, though on strike, turned out to make a more permanent repair by welding a plate over the hole in her side.
On 6 October, V/s María Júlía fired three shots at the trawler Kingston Emerald, forcing the trawler to escape to sea.
On 12 November, V/s Þór encountered the trawler Hackness which had not stowed its nets legally. Hackness did not stop until Þór had fired two blanks and one live shell off its bow. Once again, HMS Russel came to the rescue and its shipmaster ordered the Icelandic captain to leave the trawler alone as it was not within the 4 nm (7.4 km) limit recognized by the British government. Þór's captain, Eiríkur Kristófersson, protested that he would not do so, and ordered his men to approach the trawler with the gun manned. In response, the Russel threatened to sink the Icelandic boat if it so much as fired one shot at the Hackness. More British ships then arrived and the Hackness escaped.
Eventually the British and Iceland came to a settlement, which stipulated that any future disagreement between Iceland and Britain in the matter of fishery zones would be sent to the International Court of Justice in the Hague. The Icelandic minister of justice and ecclesiastical affairs Bjarni Benediktsson hailed the agreement as "Iceland's biggest political victory."
[edit] The Second Cod War
| Second Cod War | |||||||||
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| Part of the Cod Wars | |||||||||
 The net cutters, first used in the Second Cod War. |
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Iceland: |
United Kingdom |
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| Commanders | |||||||||
| Ólafur Jóhannesson
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Edward Heath |
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| Strength | |||||||||
| Icelandic Coast Guard 3 large Patrol vessels 2 small Patrol vessels 1 Armed Whaler |
Royal Navy 30 Frigates 1 Destroyer 11 RFA Supply vessels
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On 1 September 1972, the enforcement of the law that expanded the Icelandic fishery limits to 50 nm (92.6 km) began. Numerous British and West German trawlers continued fishing within the new zone on the first day. The Icelandic leftist coalition which reigned at the time, ignored the treaty which stipulated the involvement of the International Court of Justice and said that it wasn't bound by agreements which the previous centre-right government had made.
The next day, the ICGV Ægir chased 16 trawlers in waters east of the country, out of the 50 nm zone.
During this war, the Icelandic Coast Guard started to use net cutters to cut the trawling lines of non-Icelandic vessels fishing within the new exclusion zone. On 18 January 1973, the nets were cut off eighteen trawlers. This forced the British seamen to threaten to leave the Icelandic fishery zone unless they had the protection of the Royal Navy. The day after, large, fast tugboats were sent to their defence. The first was the Statesman. The British considered this insufficient, and formed a special group to defend the trawlers.
On 23 January 1973, the volcano Eldfell on Heimaey erupted and the Coast Guard needed to divert its attention to rescuing the inhabitants of the small island.
On 17 May, the British trawlers left the Icelandic waters, only to return two days later along with British frigates. The Icelandic Lighthouse tender ICGV Árvakur collided with four British vessels on 1 June and six days later V/s Ægir collided with HMS Scylla, when it was reconnoitring for icebergs off the Vestfjords, even though no trawlers were present.
On 16 September, Joseph Luns, Secretary-General of NATO, arrived in Reykjavík to talk with Icelandic ministers, who had been pressed to leave NATO as it had been of no help to the Icelandic people in the conflict. (Britain and Iceland both being members, the Royal Navy made use of Icelandic bases in the cold war as part of its primary NATO duty of guard the Greenland-Iceland-UK gap, particularly against Soviet submarines.)
After a series of talks within NATO, British warships were recalled on 3 October. An agreement was signed on 8 November, which limited British fishing activities to certain areas inside the 50 nm limit, resolving the dispute that time. The resolution was based on the premise that British trawlers would limit their annual catch to no more than 130,000 tons. This agreement expired in November 1975, and the third "Cod War" began.
[edit] The Third Cod War
| Third Cod War | |||||||||
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| Part of the Cod Wars | |||||||||
 Icelandic Coast Guard and Royal Navy vessels clash in the North Atlantic |
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Iceland: |
United Kingdom |
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| Commanders | |||||||||
| Geir Hallgrímsson
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Harold Wilson
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| Strength | |||||||||
| Icelandic Coast Guard
4 large Patrol vessels |
Royal Navy 22 Frigates 7 RFA Supply vessels
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The Third Cod War (November 1975–June 1976) occurred again between the United Kingdom and Iceland. Iceland had declared that the ocean up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its coast fell under Icelandic authority. The British government did not recognize this large increase to the exclusion zone, and as a result, there came to be an issue with British fishermen and their 'incursion' into the disputed zone. The 'war', which was the most hard fought of the Cod Wars, saw British fishing trawlers have their nets cut by the Icelandic Coast Guard, and there were several incidents of ramming by Icelandic ships and British trawlers, frigates and tugboats.
One of the more severe incidents happened on December 11, 1975, (and as reported by Iceland) V/s Þór, under the command of Helgi Hallvarðsson was leaving port at Seyðisfjörður, where they had been minesweeping, when orders were received to investigate the presence of unidentified foreign vessels at the mouth of the fjord. These vessels were identified as three British ships, Lloydsman an ocean going tug which was three times bigger than V/s Þór, Star Aquarius (an oil rig supply vessel of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food), and her sistership Star Polaris. They were sheltering from a force nine gale within Iceland's 12-nautical-mile (22 km) territorial waters.[5] In the Icelandic account, when ordered to leave Icelandic territorial waters by Þór´s commander the three tugboats initially complied. But around two nautical miles (4 km) from the coast the Star Aquarius allegedly veered to starboard and hit Þórs port side as the Coast Guards attempted to overtake the Star Aquarius . Even as Þór increased speed, the Lloydsman again collided with its port side. The Þór had suffered considerable damage by these hits so when the Star Aquarius came about, a blank round was fired from Þór. This didn't deter the Star Aquarius as it hit Þór a second time. Another shot was fired from Þór as a result, this time a live round that hit Star Aquarius's bow. After that the tug-boats retreated. V/s Þór, which was close to sinking after the confrontation sailed to Loðmundarfjörður for temporary repairs.[6] The British reports of the incident differ considerably, maintaining that Þór attempted to board one of the tug-boats. And as Þór broke away the Lloydsman surged forward to protect the Star Aquarius. Captain Albert MacKenzie of the Star Aquarius said the Þór approached from the stern and hit the support vessel, before it veered off and fired a shot from a range of about 100 yards (91 m). Niels Sigurdsson, the Icelandic Ambassador in London, said Þór had been firing in self-defence after it had been rammed by British vessels. Iceland consulted the United Nations Security Council over the incident, who declined to intervene.[7]
A second incident occurred in 1976, when HMS Andromeda was dented when Þór sailed close to her bow. Þór sustained a hole in its hull. The British Ministry of Defence said that the collision represented a "deliberate attack" on the British warship "without regard for life". The Icelandic coastguard on the other hand insisted Andromeda had rammed Þór by "overtaking the boat and then swiftly changing course".[citation needed]
Britain deployed a total of 22 frigates against the four Icelandic patrol vessels V/s Óðinn, V/s Þór, V/s Týr and V/s Ægir as well as two armed trawlers V/s Baldur and V/s Ver.[8][9] The Icelandic government tried to acquire U.S. Asheville class gunboats, and when denied by the American government they tried to get Soviet Mirka class frigates. In addition to the frigates, the United Kingdom also deployed a total seven supply ships, nine tug-boats, and three support ships to protect its fishing trawlers, although only six to nine of these vessels were on deployment at any one time. [9]
A more serious turn of events came when Iceland threatened closure of the NATO base at Keflavík, which would, in the military perception of the time, have severely impaired NATO's ability to defend the Atlantic Ocean from the Soviet Union. As a result, the British government agreed to have its fishermen stay outside Iceland's 200 nautical mile (370 km) exclusion zone without a specific agreement.
[edit] The Last Ramming
On the evening of 6 May 1976, after the end of the third Cod War had already been decided, the Icelandic ship Týr was caught trying to cut the nets of the trawler Carlisle. Captain Gerald Plumer of nuclear-armed HMS Falmouth decided to ram V/s Týr. The Falmouth at the speed of 22+ knots (41+ km/h) steamed into the ship, almost capsizing her. However, Týr did not sink and managed to cut the nets of Carlisle anyway. This resulted in another ramming. At that moment Týr was heavily damaged and propelled by only a single screw and pursued by the tug-boat Statesman. In this dire situation Guðmundur Kjærnested, captain of V/s Týr gave orders to man the guns, in spite of the overwhelming superiority of firepower the Falmouth enjoyed. [10]
[edit] Results
Iceland achieved its overall aims, to the detriment of the already declining British fisheries, severely affecting the economies of northern fishing ports in the UK, such as Grimsby, Hull and Fleetwood.
[edit] References
- ^ The Icelandic Coast Guard's name in Icelandic directly translates as "Territorial waters Guard".
- ^ Sveinn Sæmundsson, Guðmundur skipherra Kjærnested, Örn og Örlygur. [Reykjavík]. 1984. p. 151.
- ^ Jón Björnsson, Íslensk skip. vol. III. Reykjavik. 1990 p. 8-142 ISBN 9979103752
- ^ Svipmyndir úr 70 ára sögu. Landhelgisgæsla Íslands. Reykjavík. 1996. p. 30-31, 37-38. ISBN 9979602775
- ^ Storey, Norman, What price cod? : a tugmaster's view of the cod wars. Beverley, North Humberside. Hutton Press. c 1992. ISBN 1872167446
- ^ Atli Magnússon, Í kröppum sjó : Helgi Hallvarðsson skipherra segir frá sægörpum og svaðilförum. Örn og Örlygur. [Reykjavík]. 1992. p. 204-206 ISBN 997955035X Ib. :
- ^ Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson, Þorskastríðin þrjú : saga landhelgismálsins 1948-1976, Hafréttarstofnun Íslands. Reykjavík. 2006. ISBN 9979701412 (ib.)
- ^ Atli Magnússon, Í kröppum sjó : Helgi Hallvarðsson skipherra segir frá sægörpum og svaðilförum. Örn og Örlygur. [Reykjavík]. 1992. p. 201-202
- ^ a b Jane's fighting ships : the standard reference of the world's navies. London, [1900- ].
- ^ Óttar Sveinsson, Útkall : Týr er að sökkva. Útkall. [Reykjavík] 2004. ISBN 9979956968 (ib.)
[edit] See also
- Overfishing
- British military history
- Spanish ships and the Canadian Navy had clashes over fishing in the 1990s in what was known in the Spanish press as la guerra del fletán, the Turbot War.
[edit] Further reading
- Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker & Company, 1997 (reprint edition: Penguin, 1998). ISBN 0-8027-1326-2, ISBN 0-14-027501-0.
[edit] External links
- American University Case Study - The Cod War
- MV Miranda Site Website of the MV Miranda, a Trawler support vessel
- Britain's Small Wars - The Cod War
- BBC Video footage from the BBC (Requires Realplayer)
- [1] (Icelandic) - Fiskveiðideilur Íslendinga við erlendar þjóðir, by Guðni Jóhannesson
- BBC 'On this Day' 1973: Royal Navy moves to protect trawlers
- BBC 'On this Day' 1975: "Attack on British vessels heightens Cod War"
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