San Juan, Puerto Rico
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| San Juan, Puerto Rico | |||
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| Nickname(s): La Ciudad Amurallada (The Walled City) | |||
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  San Juan, Puerto Rico
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| Coordinates: | |||
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| Country | United States | ||
| Territory | Puerto Rico | ||
| Wards (barrios) | 18 | ||
| Founded | 1508/1521 | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Jorge A. Santini Padilla (NPP) | ||
| - Senatorial dist. | 1 - San Juan/Guaynabo | ||
| - House dist. | 1,2,3,4,5 | ||
| Area [1] | |||
| - City | 76.93 sq mi (199.2 km²) | ||
| - Land | 47.82 sq mi (123.9 km²) | ||
| - Water | 29.11 sq mi (75.4 km²) 37.8% | ||
| Population (2000)[1] | |||
| - City | 434,374 | ||
| - Density | 9,084.4/sq mi (3,507.5/km²) | ||
| - Metro | 2,509,007 | ||
| - Gentilic | Sanjuaneros | ||
| - Racial groups (2000 Census) [2] |
72.7% White 11.9% Black 0.5% American Indian/AN 0.5% Asian 0.0% Native Hawaiian/PI 9.1% Some other race 5.4% Two or more races |
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| Time zone | AST (UTC-4) | ||
| Anthem | "En Mi Viejo San Juan" | ||
| Website: www.sanjuancapital.com | |||
San Juan (IPA: [saŋ hwaŋ]) (from the Spanish San Juan Bautista, "Saint John the Baptist") is the capital and largest municipality in Puerto Rico. As of the 2000 census, it has a population of 433,733, making it the 42nd-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States. San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521, who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ("Puerto Rico City"). Puerto Rico's capital is the second oldest European-established city in the Americas, after Santo Domingo, now in the Dominican Republic.[3] Several historical buildings are located in San Juan; among the most notable are the city's former defensive forts, Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristobál, and La Fortaleza, the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas.
Today, San Juan serves as one of Puerto Rico's most important seaports,[4] and is the island's manufacturing, financial, cultural, and tourism center. The population of the metropolitan area, including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón, Guaynabo, Cataño, Canóvanas, Caguas, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Carolina and Trujillo Alto, is about 2 million inhabitants; thus, about half the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area.[5] The city has been the host of numerous important events within the sports community, including the 1979 Pan American Games, 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games, 2006 World Baseball Classic and the Caribbean Series.
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[edit] History
In 1508, Juan Ponce de León founded the original settlement Caparra (named after the province Caceres, Spain, the birthplace of then-governor of Spain's Caribbean territories Nicolas de Ovando),[6] which today is known as the Pueblo Viejo sector of Guaynabo, just to the west of the present San Juan metropolitan area. A year later, the settlement was moved to a site then called Puerto Rico, Spanish for "rich port" or "good port," after its similar geographical features to the island of Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands.[7] In 1521, the newer settlement was given its formal name, San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico, in honor of John the Baptist, following the tradition of christening the town with both its formal name and the name which Christopher Columbus had originally given the island.
The ambiguous use of San Juan Bautista and Puerto Rico for calling both the city and the island led to a reversal in practical use by most inhabitants: by 1746, the name for the city (Puerto Rico) had become that of the entire island, while the name for the Island (San Juan Bautista) had become the name for the city.[8]
San Juan, as a settlement of the Spanish Empire, was used by merchant and military ships traveling from Spain as the first stopover in the Americas. Because of its prominence in the Caribbean, a network of fortifications was built to protect the transports of gold and silver from the New World to Europe. Because of the rich transports, San Juan became a target of the foreign powers of the time.[9]
The city was witness to attacks from the English led by Sir Francis Drake in 1595 and by George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, in 1598. Artillery from San Juan's fort, El Morro, repelled Drake; however, Clifford managed to land troops and lay siege to the city.[10] After a few months of British occupation, Clifford was forced to abandon the siege when his troops began to suffer from exhaustion and sickness. In 1625 the city was sacked by Dutch forces lead by Boudewijn Hendricksz, but El Morro withstood the assault and was not taken. The English attacked again in 1797, during the French Revolutionary Wars, led by Sir Ralph Abercromby (who had just conquered Trinidad). His army laid siege to the city but was forced to withdraw in defeat as the Puerto Rican defenses proved more resilient than those of Trinidad. Various events and circumstances, including liberalized commerce with Spain, the opening of the island to immigrants as a direct result of the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815, and the colonial revolutions, led to an expansion of San Juan and other Puerto Rican settlements in the late 18th and early 19th century.
In May 1898, United States Navy ships, among them the USS Detroit, USS Indiana, USS New York, USS Amphitrite, USS Terror and USS Montgomery, commanded by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson, bombed San Juan during the Spanish-American War, though the city was not occupied.[11][12] On July 25, General Nelson A. Miles landed at Guánica (in southwestern Puerto Rico) with 3,300 soldiers and took over the island with little resistance.[13] Spain ceded the island to the United States later the same year by signing the Treaty of Paris.
Camp Las Casas, located in the district of Santurce, served as the main training camp for the Puerto Rican soldiers prior to World War I and World War II; the majority of the men trained in this facility were assigned to the 65th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army. This regiment has been active since 1898, and it is still active today. Camp Las Casas was eventually closed down, and in 1950 a public housing project by the name of Residencial Fray Bartolome de Las Casas was constructed on its former location.
Lieutenant Teofilo Marxuach (Retired as a Lieutenant Colonel), a native of Arroyo, Puerto Rico, was responsible for the first bullet shot by the American military during World War I, when he ordered the "Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry" to open fire on the Odenwald, a German armed supply ship, when it was trying to force its way out of San Juan’s bay. This event occurred on April 6, 1917, the day that the United States declared war on Germany.
[edit] Geography
San Juan is located at, and is suitated along the north-eastern coast of Puerto Rico. It lies south of the Atlantic Ocean; north of Guaynabo and Trujillo Alto; east of and Bayamón; and west of Carolina. The city occupies an area of 76.93 square miles (199.2 km²), of which, 29.11 square miles (75.4 km²) is water. The majority San Juan's water territory is composed of San Juan Bay, and of two natural lagoons, the Condado and the San José.[14]
[edit] Climate
San Juan's climate is classified as tropical marine. San Juan enjoys an average temperature of 82 °F (28 °C) during the year, although 90 °F (32 °C) or higher temperatures are often felt during the summer, especially if the winds come from the south. In the winter, temperatures can drop to the 60s, though the average winter low is 71 °F (22 °C). The coldest temperature ever recorded was 60 °F (16 °C) on March 3, 1957, and the hottest was 98 °F (37 °C) on October 9, 1981. Rainfall is well-distributed all year, but the months of February, March and April are the driest. San Juan is a tropical city.[15]
[edit] Cityscape
Old San Juan occupies the western end of a rocky islet at the mouth of San Juan Bay. During the 20th century, the main population centers surged well beyond the walls of the old city and onto Puerto Rico's main island, and merged with the existing settlements east and south of Old San Juan. As a result, the city is now composed of a variety of neighborhoods.
[edit] Old San Juan
During the Spanish colonial times most of the urban population resided in what is now known as Old San Juan. This sector is located on the western half of a small island called the Isleta de San Juan, which is connected to the mainland by two bridges and a causeway. The small island, which comprises an area of 47 mi² (122 km²), also hosts the working class neighborhood of Puerta de Tierra and most of Puerto Rico's central government buildings, including the Commonwealth's Capitol. The main central part of the city is characterized by narrow cobblestone streets and picturesque colonial buildings, some of which date back to the 16th and 17th century. Sections of the old city are surrounded by massive walls and several defensive structures and notable forts. These include the 16th century Fort San Felipe del Morro and 17th century Fort San Cristóbal, both part of San Juan National Historic Site, and the 16th century El Palacio de Santa Catalina, also known as La Fortaleza, which serves as the governor's mansion.[16] Other buildings of interest predating the 20th century are the Ayuntamiento or Alcaldía (City Hall), the San José Church (1523) and the adjacent Hotel El Convento, the former house of the Ponce de León family known as Casa Blanca, the Teatro Tapia, the former Spanish barracks (now Museum of Ballajá), La Princesa (former municipal jail, now a history museum), and the municipal cemetery of Saint María Madgalena of Pazzis, located just outside the city walls.[17][18][19] The Cathedral of San Juan Bautista (construction began in the 1520s) is also located in Old San Juan, and contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer and settlement founder Juan Ponce de León.[20] Old San Juan, also known as the "old city", is the main cultural tourist attraction in Puerto Rico; its bayside is lined by dock slips for large cruise ships.
[edit] Districts
San Juan is subdivided into 18 wards (barrios)[21], 16 of which fall within the former (until 1951) municipio of Rio Piedras. Eight barrios are further subdivided in to sub-barrios, including both barrios of the former municipio of San Juan.
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East of Old San Juan lies the upscale tourist oriented neighborhood of Condado, which occupies land that used to be owned by entrepreneur Pablo Ubarri Capetillo, a Spanish railroad developer and Count of San José de Santurce under the Spanish colonial period. Beaches such as nearby Ocean Park, popular with swimmers, surfers and kitesurfers, are found all along the district's Atlantic coastline which is also the locus of numerous hotels.[22]
Near Condado are two separate business districts, Santurce and Miramar. Miramar is mainly a residential area rising south of the Condado Lagoon. It comprises the former barrio of Miraflores, as well as drained marshland and landfill over which was built San Juan's first airport, the Isla Grande airport, which was renamed Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airportin honor of Major Fernando Luis Ribas-Dominicci (USAF). Miramar now hosts the Puerto Rico Convention Center as well as some of San Juan Harbor's cruise ship piers. In 2005 Miramar was designated an historical district of Puerto Rico.[23]
Santurce, originally named San Mateo de Cangrejos (Saint Matthew of the Crabs), was a settlement for freed African slaves during the early days of the city. After Pablo Ubarri sought permission to link San Juan with Río Piedra proper via steam tramway in 1878, the time it took to travel between both points were shortened and thereby stimulated the colonization and growth of the district. At the beginning of the twentieth century an electric trolley was installed, the township was split into three parts, and its main settlement, merged with the city, was renamed using the Spanish spelling of Santurtzi (Saint George in Basque), Ubarri's birthplace in Vizcaya, Spain. The "Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico" (Puerto Rico Museum of Art)[24] and other important cultural venues are located in Santurce.
South of Santurce is Hato Rey, part of the former municipality of Río Piedras. Hato Rey was grazing ground for cattle owned by the royal government (hence its name, the King's Herd in Spanish) as early as the 16th century,[25] and is now considered the financial center of the island. A section of this district is often referred to as the "Golden Mile" (actually 0.47 miles/0.76 kilometres long) due in part to the many banks and businesses located there.[25]
In the southern part of the city is the socially diversified community of Río Piedras. Founded in the mid 1850s, Río Piedras was a separate town which hosted sugar cane plantations and the estates of some of San Juan's wealthiest inhabitants (as well as their working class staff). The Spanish colonial governors also had their summer home there on land which eventually gave way to the main campus of the University of Puerto Rico. In 1951 the municipalities of San Juan and Río Piedras were merged to redefine San Juan's current city limits. Today Río Piedras comprises the largest area of the municipality of San Juan.[26] and is home to the renowned, traditional “ Plaza del Mercado” (Río Piedras Marketplace), the main campus and the Medical Sciences campus of the University of Puerto Rico and the San Juan Botanical Garden.
[edit] Demographics
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Demographic distribution
San Juan
Río Piedras
Racial distribution
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San Juan is the largest city in Puerto Rico in population.[1] From 1899 to 1950 the municipality of San Juan excluded the township of Río Piedras. For this reason, population data and land area for the period make reference only to the Antiguo San Juan and Santurce barrios, or subdivisions, of San Juan. The old municipality of Río Piedras constituted the third most populated city of Puerto Rico at the time of its annexation in 1951. Its strategic location south of the capital served as a junction for all the principal ways of transportation of the Island and as a geographical entry to San Juan, which are factors that prompted Río Piedras's dramatic urban development in the 20th century.
As a whole, Puerto Rico is comprised mainly of people from a Creole (born on the Island of European descent) or Spanish and European descent, with small groups of African and Asian people. Statistics taken from the 2000 census shows that 72.7% of Sanjuaneros have Spanish or White origin, 11.9% are black, 0.5% are Amerindian etc..
[edit] Economy
San Juan experienced significant economic growth following World War II. During this period the city underwent an industrial revolution.[28] The city’s economy relies mostly on companies dedicated to the manufacture of several products, including: Chemical substances (bleach and house cleaning products); medicines; rum and other beverages; fertilizers; electric tools; electronic devices; plastics, textiles, and food-based products.[28] Tourism is also a key industry, based on San Juan’s proximity to Puerto Rico’s main airport, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport.[28] The tourism focus of the city is located in the district of Condado Beach where there are numerous luxurious hotels.[28] Historical locations such as El Morro, Old San Juan and El Cuartel de Ballaja are promoted in tourism campaigns. The district of Hato Rey contains a corporate sector known as “La Milla de Oro,” which serves as the headquarters of numerous local and international banks. San Juan is often referred to as the “Wall Street of the Caribbean,” due to the influence of the area on the city’s economy.[25]
[edit] Tourism
Due to technological advances after World War II in the development of the airliner coupled with the island's climate and natural setting, has transformed San Juan into the springboard for tourism around the island, and has made the rest of the Caribbean known throughout the world during the last fifty years.[29] Today the capital boasts numerous hotels, museums, historical buildings, restaurants, beaches and shopping centers. In San Juan there are a lot of attractions, for example: Old San Juan, Ocean Park, Isla Verde and Condado.
Places and monuments emphasized in tourism campaigns consist of: Old San Juan, promoting the historic nature of its colonial buildings and narrow streets covered by adoquine, a blue stone cast from furnace slag; they were brought over as ballast on Spanish ships.[28] This includes the city's ancient defensive wall and forts, most notably El Morro and the Castle of San Cristóbal.[28] On January 23, 1984 both of these edifications were catalogued as being part of humanity's cultural patrimony.[28] The numerous restaurants and art galleries in the zone are frequently visited by visitors.[28] The local universities are promoted as historic places, most notably the campus of University of Puerto Rico located in Rio Piedras, which is the oldest university in the island being founded in 1903.
[edit] Culture
San Juan is the birthplace of numerous artists and musicians, locally known as Sanjuaneros, who have significantly influenced the Puerto Rican culture. During the 20th century the musical aspect of the city was influenced by performers including Afro-Caribbean dancer and choreographer Sylvia del Villard and José Enrique Pedreira who became a renowned composer of Puerto Rican Danzas. International musicians such as renowned opera singer Justino Díaz and Grammy Award winners Raymond Ayala and Ricky Martin were born in the city. Other notable residents include writers Manuel A. Alonso and Tomas Blanco, award-winning actors Raúl Juliá and Benicio del Toro, and comedian Jose Miguel Agrelot. Rafael Cordero (1790–1868), was influential in the development of Puerto Rican education and is renowned as “ The Father of Public Education in Puerto Rico.” The city is also the home of numerous contemporary and classic art museums. The Puerto Rico Arts Museum owns the largest collection of contemporary art in Puerto Rico, housing over 1,100 permanent art pieces and displaying numerous temporary exhibitions containing artwork from various locations trough Latin America.[30]
The Museum of Contemporary Art of Puerto Rico, located in Santurce, specializes in contemporary artwork from locations in Latin America and the Caribbean. The paintings displayed in the permanent exhibition are either acquired by the museum’s administrative personnel or donated by latino artists and collectors. They are judged by a panel of painters, art critics, and scholars before being displayed.[31]
Other museums such as the Pablo Casals Museum, the Book Museum, Americas Museum and the National Gallery display historic items and artwork alongside contemporary art.[32][33] Miscellaneous museums such as the Children’s Museum and the Bacardi Distillery (also known as the "Rum Cathedral") in nearby Cataño appeal to different audiences through interactive exhibitions.[34][35]
[edit] Government
As one of Puerto Rico's 78 municipalities, San Juan, has a popularly elected mayor and municipal assembly. The current mayor is the Honorable Jorge A. Santini Padilla and is responsible for appointing a secretary-auditor and a treasurer. The municipal assembly is made up of 17 officials.
San Juan's City Hall or Casa Alcaldia, is located at 153 San Francisco Street in front of the Plaza de Armas or Military Square at the center of Old San Juan. It was constructed based on Madrid's City Hall starting in 1604 and was finally completed in 1789.
Law enforcement in San Juan is the joint responsibility of the San Juan Police Department and the Puerto Rico Police Department. The San Juan Police Department was created in 1521, then known as the "San Juan Municipal Guard" which had both active military and law enforcement functions. It currently employs about 1,900 sworn officers plus civilian staff.
[edit] Education
San Juan is influential in the educational aspect of Puerto Rico, serving as location to many universities and colleges. The most prestigious university in the area, the University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus is located in San Juan, along with the University of Puerto Rico's Medical Sciences Campus. Other colleges located in San Juan are the University of the Sacred Heart, the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, the Ana G. Méndez University System's Metropolitan University, the Metropolitan Campus of the Inter American University of Puerto Rico, the Carlos Albizu University, the Evangelic Seminary of Puerto Rico and the Center for Advanced Studies on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. There are numerous minor colleges located in the city, including the ICPR Junior College, the "Instituto de Banca y Comercio" and the International Junior College, located in Santurce.[36] There are several technological campuses located in San Juan, such as the Technological College of San Juan, the "Liceo de Artes y Ciencias", Ramirez College of Business and Technology and the Puerto Rico Technical Junior College. The Puerto Rico Conservatory of Music and the School of Plastic Arts in Old San Juan are specialized in education that promote the fine arts and music.[36]
In addition to dozens of state-run elementary, junior- and senior-high schools, the San Juan City Government now operates two bilingual schools, including one sports-magnet school, the first municipal-run schools in Puerto Rico.
Most of Puerto Rico's best private schools are located in San Juan, including Robinson and St. John's in the Condado, Perpetuo Socorro in Miramar, St. John's Episcopal and Santa Mónica in Santurce, La Merced and Espíritu Santo in Hato Rey, San Antonio, San Ignacio, and San José in Río Piedras and Cupeyville in Cupey.
[edit] Transportation
The Port of San Juan is the fourth busiest seaport in the Western Hemisphere, ranked among the top 17 of the world in terms of container movement. It is also the largest home-based cruise port in the world with over a dozen cruise ships plying its docks with new cruise ships either originating or calling at the port every year.
The Metropolitan Area is served by two airports. The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, San Juan's primary commercial airport, is located eight miles (12.7 km) from Old San Juan in neighboring Carolina. The airport accommodates more than 30 domestic and international airlines and is the busiest airport in the Caribbean. It is often referred to as "The Gateway to the Caribbean" because it serves as the main connection to the island and the rest of the Caribbean for the United States and vice versa. The second airport in the area is the Fernando Ribas Dominicci Airport, which is located directly across the Caño San Antonio from Old San Juan in the Isla Grande district.[37] Dominicci Airport is used mainly by general aviation aircraft, charter flights, and some domestic commercial flights. It used to be the city's and also the island of Puerto Rico's main international gateway until the opening of Luis Muñoz Marin International Airport. It is now also widely used by the Isla Grande Flight School and Caribbean Flight Center, the only flight schools on the island.
[edit] Public transport
- See also: Tren Urbano
Increased investment in public transportation has not changed the fact that San Juan is an automobile reliant city and its fast growth has sparked urban sprawl. It is currently served by five limited-access expressways and highways and numerous arterial avenues and boulevards and suffers from severe traffic congestion.[38]
In an attempt to decrease vehicle dependency and road congestion, the City constructed a metro system dubbed “Tren Urbano” ("Urban Train"). The 10.7 mile (17.2 km) line connects to sixteen stations.[39] The project, which opened in late 2004, cost 2.25 billion dollars and was more than $1 billion over budget and four years late. The Tren Urbano has received less than expected ridership than was originally projected and has not significantly reduced the city's automobile traffic, despite a reported 7.5% ridership increase in 2006 over 2005.
Metropolitan Bus Authority (“Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses” or AMA in Spanish) provides daily bus transportation to residents of San Juan, Guaynabo, Bayamón, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Cataño, and Carolina through 30 different routes. Its fleet consists of 277 regular buses and 35 buses for handicapped persons, and its ridership is estimated at 112,000 on work days.[40]
A daily ferry service known as the Cataño Ferry, (“La Lancha de Cataño” in Spanish) which operates a route across San Juan Bay between Old San Juan and the municipality of Cataño.[41]
There is a planned project to build a “interurban light rail system” connecting the cities of San Juan and Caguas.[42]
[edit] Health and utilities
The main hospital and medical school in the city of San Juan is "El Centro Medico de Rio Piedras" (Rio Piedras Medical Center). The Medical Center is a conglomaration of Hospitals located in the same place. It has various helicopters in service, allowing patients and people in need of medical attention to be carried to the center from many places around the island.
[edit] Sports
Teams based in San Juan have been notably successful in athletic competition. The Santurce Crabbers won the National Superior Basketball League championship on 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2003 during this period being recognized as a dynasty. The San Juan Senators and the Santurce Crabbers were the two major baseball teams in the city, winning the championship of the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League a total of seventeen times. The Santurce Crabbers are located third among teams with more championships in the Caribbean Series, winning championships in the 1951, 1953, 1955, 1993 and 2000 editions of the tournament. The city has also been the host of numerous events within the sports community; some examples include:
- Host of the 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games.[43]
- Host of the 1979 Pan American Games.[44]
- Has been host of the Caribbean World Series nine times.[45]
- Major League Baseball's Montreal Expos played 22 home games at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in both 2003 and 2004.[46] The team also briefly considered moving permanently to San Juan before relocating to Washington, D.C..
- Hosted two rounds of the 2006 World Baseball Classic.[47]
- Host of the 1974 FIBA World Championship (basketball).[48]
- Has been host of the FIBA Americas Championship four times (1980, 1993, 1999, 2003).
- The first edition of World Wrestling Entertainment's pay per view New Year's Revolution was held here in January 2005.[49]
The recently-built $28-million San Juan Natatorium is beginning to attract islandwide and regional swim meets, as well winter training by top-rated mainland U.S. colleges and universities, including the United States Military Academy at West Point and the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis.
In July 2007, the San Juan Golf Academy and its golf driving range began operating atop the city's former sanitary landfill in Puerto Nuevo and will eventually include the city's first and only 9-hole golf course.
[edit] Professional teams
| Club | Sport | League | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Santurce Crabbers | Baseball | Liga de Béisbol Profesional de Puerto Rico | Hiram Bithorn Stadium |
| Santurce Crabbers | Basketball | National Superior Basketball | Jose Miguel Agrelot Coliseum or Mario "Quijote" Morales Coliseum in Guaynabo.[50] |
| Playeros de San Juan | Volleyball (Men's) | Liga Superior de Volleyball Masculino | Pedrin Zorrilla Coliseum |
| Chicas de San Juan | Volleyball (Women's) | Liga Superior de Volleyball Femenino | Pedrin Zorrilla Coliseum |
| Atléticos de San Juan | Football (Soccer) | Puerto Rico Soccer League | Hiram Bithorn Stadium |
| Academia Quintana | Football (Soccer) | Puerto Rico Soccer League | Hiram Bithorn Stadium |
| San Juan United | Football (Soccer) | Puerto Rico Soccer League Second Division | Sixto Escobar Stadium |
| San Juan Sharks | Football (Soccer) | Puerto Rico Soccer League Second Division | Sixto Escobar Stadium |
| Club Deportivo Gallitos | Football (Soccer) | Puerto Rico Soccer League Second Division | Sixto Escobar Stadium |
[edit] Sister cities
The following cities have been identified as sister cities by Sister Cities International:[51]
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ a b c "San Juan and its barrios". United States Census Bureau (2000). Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ Demographics/Ethnic U.S 2000 census
- ^ Magaly Rivera. "San Juan Capital City". Welcome to Puerto Rico. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ "the San Juan Port" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Port Authority (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-09.
- ^ "About Puerto Rico". Puerto Rico Tourism Company (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
- ^ "Guaynabo -- Encyclopædia Britannica" (with history of Puerto Rico),Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006, Britannica.com webpage:EB-Guaynabo-Puerto-Rico:names: Caparra, the first Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico (1508).
- ^ "Historic places in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands". National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ "Historia de San Juan de Puerto Rico" (in Spanish). Vive San Juan (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ "San Juan National Historic Site". National Park Service (2000). Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
- ^ William Figueroa (2000). "History of Puerto Rico" (in Spanish). Sol Boricua. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
- ^ José Oquendo. "1898 - Adjuntas en la Guerra Hispanoamericana" (in Spanish). Historia de Adjuntas, Puerto Rico. Retrieved on 2006-10-10.
- ^ Miguel J. Hernández. "Erwin Letter from US Marine Alden Morse, at the USS New York, relating the bombing of San Juan del 12 Mayo 1898". Coquí.Net. Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
- ^ Karl Stephen Herrman (2004). From Yauco to Las Marias a Recent Campaign in Puerto Rico. Kessinger Publishing, 2. ISBN 1-4191-2123-5.
- ^ "Puerto Rico Geography". ToPuertoRico.org. Retrieved on 2007-06-30.
- ^ "Climate information for San Juan Intl. Airport". Climate-zone.com (2004). Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
- ^ "Los Castillos del Viejo San Juan" (in Spanish). National Park Service. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ "History of El Cuartel de Ballajá" (in Spanish). Coquí.Net. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
- ^ E. Ramirez Brau (2005). "Viejo Cementerio de San Juan (graveyard's history)" (in Spanish). Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
- ^ "Teatro Tapia". Yahoo Travel. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
- ^ "Official Web Site of the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista" (in Spanish). Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
- ^ http://welcome.topuertorico.org/maps/sanjuan.pdf
- ^ "Ocean Park...Hotels". Hola San Juan (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ "Informese: Miramar designated a historical district". MiramarPR (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ "Official site of the Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico" (in Spanish). Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ a b c Brenda A. Mari (2004-11-19). ""Eatin’ Where The Cows Used To Roam: Hato Rey Dining At Its Best"". The Puerto Rico Herald. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ "Official site of the University of Puerto Rico" (in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ Ethnicity 2000 census
- ^ a b c d e f g h Microsoft Encarta Biblioteca (2006), Microsoft Corporation
- ^ Puerto Rico, Borinquen Querida - Authors; Roger A. LaBrucherie, Imágenes Press, (1992) ISBN 0-939302-26-8
- ^ "Colección Permanente" (in Spanish). Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
- ^ "Colección Parmanente" (in Spanish). Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Puerto Rico (2004). Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
- ^ "Orígenes, historia y misión del Museo" (in Spanish). Museo las Americas (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
- ^ "Galería Nacional, Viejo San Juan". Instituto de Cultura Puertoriqueña (2003). Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
- ^ "Historia del Museo del Niño" (in Spanish). Museo del Niño. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
- ^ "Puerto Rico Attractions and Museums". Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
- ^ a b "Puerto Rico Colleges and Universities". Infoplease (2006). Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
- ^ "Autoridad de puertos de Puerto Rico official website" (in Spanish). Autoridad de Puertos de Puerto Rico. Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
- ^ "About Puerto Rico...San Juan". Dollarman.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
- ^ "Alternativa de Transporte Integrado homepage" (in Spanish). Departamento de Trasportación Publica (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
- ^ "AMA: Descripción" (in Spanish). Departamento de Transportación Publica (2006). Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
- ^ "Government's page on Lancha de Cataño's economical impact" (in Spanish). Gobierno de Puerto Rico (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
- ^ "Caguas To San Juan In 15 Minutes". Puerto Rico Herald (2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
- ^ "Historia de los Juegos Centro Americanos y del Caribe" (in Spanish). Unión Pan Americana de Judo (1998). Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ "VIII Pan American Games". LA84 Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ "Caribbean World Series Historical Statistics 2005". Latino Baseball (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ Josh Dubow (2003). "Expos odyssey takes them back to Puerto Rico". SingOnSanDiego.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ "Official site of the World Baseball Classic". World Baseball Classic (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ "Year by Year Champions". Fiba. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ "New Year's revolution Pay-Per-View history". World Wrestling Entertainment (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
- ^ "Coliseo de Puerto Rico Official Website" (in Spanish). SMG. Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
- ^ "Online Directory: Puerto Rico, Caribbean". Sister Cities International (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
[edit] External links
- City of San Juan
- National Park Service - San Juan
- Historic Places in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
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