Michael I of Romania

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Michael
King of the Romanians
King of the Romanians
Reign	20 July 1927 – 8 June 1930
Coronation	6 September 1940
Predecessor	Ferdinand I
Successor	Carol II
King of the Romanians
Reign	6 September 1940 – 30 December 1947
Predecessor	Carol II
Successor	Monarchy abolished
Consort	Anne of Bourbon-Parma
Issue
Princess Margarita Princess Elena Princess Irina Princess Sofia Princess Marie
Royal house	House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
Father	Carol II
Mother	Elena of Greece and Denmark
Born	October 25, 1921 (1921-10-25) (age 86) Sinaia, Romania

Michael, King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern^[1][2][3] (born October 25, 1921), reigned as King of the Romanians (Romanian: Maiestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor, literally "His Majesty Michael I King of the Romanians") from July 20, 1927 to June 8, 1930, and again from September 6, 1940, until forced to abdicate by the Communists on December 30, 1947. A great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria and a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, he is one of the last surviving heads of state from World War II,^[4][5][6][7] the others being Simeon II of Bulgaria ^[8] and King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Rule 2.1 1930s and the Antonescu era 2.2 Turning against Nazi Germany 2.3 The reign under communism 2.4 Forced abdication 3 Life after the throne 4 Political positions 5 Personality and personal interests 6 Ancestors 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

[edit] Early life

Michael was born in the Foişor Castle, Sinaia, Romania, the son of the then-Crown Prince Carol and Princess Elena of Greece, and grandson of the then-reigning King Ferdinand I of the Romanians. When Carol eloped with his mistress Elena "Magda" Lupescu and renounced his rights to the throne in December 1925, Michael was declared the heir apparent. He succeeded to the throne upon Ferdinand's death in July 1927. In August 1927 he appeared on the cover of Time magazine: he is the longest-surviving person to have appeared on the magazine's cover.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Rule

[edit] 1930s and the Antonescu era

A Regency, which included his uncle, Prince Nicolae, Patriarch Miron Cristea and the country's Chief Justice (Gheorghe Buzdugan, from October 1929 on Constantin Sărăţeanu) functioned on behalf of the 5-year-old Michael.^[9] In 1930, Carol II returned to the country at the invitation of politicians dissatisfied with the Regency, and was proclaimed king by the Parliament, designating Michael as Crown Prince with the title "Grand Voievod of Alba-Iulia". In November 1939, Michael joined the Romanian Senate, as the 1938 Constitution guaranteed him a seat there upon reaching the age of eighteen.^[10] In September 1940, the pro-German anti-Bolshevik régime of Prime Minister Marshal Ion Antonescu staged a coup d'état against Carol, whom the Marshal considered anti-German. Antonescu suspended the Constitution, dissolved the Parliament, and installed the 18-year-old Michael King by popular acclaim. (Although the Constitution was restored in 1944 and Parliament in 1946, Michael did not subsequently take a formal oath or have his reign approved retroactively by Parliament.) Michael was crowned^[11] with the Steel Crown and anointed king by the Orthodox Patriarch of Romania, Nicodim Munteanu, in the Patriarchal Cathedral of Bucharest, on the day of his accession, September 6, 1940.^[12] Although Michael was titularly the Supreme Head of the Army and entitled to appoint a prime minister with full powers named "Conducător", in reality he remained a figurehead until August 23, 1944.^[13]

[edit] Turning against Nazi Germany

Main article: King Michael's Coup

In 1944, World War II was going badly for the Axis powers, but the military dictator Prime Minister Marshal Ion Antonescu was still in control of Romania. As of August 1944, the Soviet conquest of Romania had become inevitable, being expected in a few months according to Encyclopedia Britannica^[14]. On August 23, 1944, Michael joined the pro-Allied politicians, a number of army officers, and armed Communist-led civilians^[15] in staging a coup against Antonescu and placed him under arrest. On the same night, the new Prime Minister, Lt. General Constantin Sănătescu, gave custody of Antonescu to the Communists, who delivered him to the Soviets on September 1.^[16][17] In a radio broadcast to the Romanian nation and army, Michael issued a cease-fire just as the Red Army was penetrating the Moldavian front,^[15] proclaimed Romania's loyalty to the Allies, announced the acceptance of the armistice offered by Great Britain, the United States, and the USSR, and declared war on Germany.^[18] However, this did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers, who were transported to the Soviet Union where many perished in prison camps.^[15] Although the country's alliance with the Nazis was ended, the coup speeded the Red Army's advance into Romania.^[15] The armistice was signed three weeks later on September 12, 1944, on terms the Soviets virtually dictated.^[15] Under the terms of the armistice, Romania recognized its defeat by the USSR and was placed under occupation of the Allied forces with the Soviets, as their representative, in control of media, communication, post, and civil administration behind the front. The coup effectively amounted to a "capitulation",^[19] an "unconditional"^[20] "surrender"^[15][14]. It has been suggested that the coup may have shortened World War II by six months, thus saving hundreds of thousands of lives.^[21]

Michael was the last monarch behind the Iron Curtain to lose his throne. At the end of the war, King Michael was awarded the highest degree (Chief Commander) of the Legion of Merit by U.S. President Harry S. Truman. He was also decorated with the Soviet Order of Victory by Joseph Stalin "for the courageous act of the radical change in Romania's politics towards a break-up from Hitler's Germany and an alliance with the United Nations, at the moment when there was no clear sign yet of Germany's defeat," according to the official description of the decoration.^[22] However, according to both Encyclopedia Britannica^[14] and the Albanian Communist leader Enver Hoxha,^[23] King Michael surrendered in a situation in which he could do nothing else, when the Soviet conquest had become inevitable. It is rather for his surrender that he was awarded the Order of Victory according to Hoxha.^[23]

Romanian Royal Family

HM King Michael HM Queen Anne HRH Crown Princess Margareta* HRH Prince Radu* HRH Princess Elena HRH Princess Irina HRH Princess Sofia HRH Princess Maria *titled accordingly in new family rules

[edit] The reign under communism

In March 1945, political pressures forced Michael to appoint a pro-Soviet government dominated by the Romanian Communist Party. Under the Communist régime Michael functioned as little more than a figurehead. Between August 1945 and January 1946, during what was later known as the "royal strike," Michael tried unsuccessfully to oppose the first Communist government led by Prime Minister Petru Groza, by refusing to sign its decrees. In response to Soviet, British, and American pressures,^[24] King Michael eventually gave up his opposition to the Communist government and stopped demanding its resignation.

He did not pardon Antonescu, who was sentenced to death for betrayal of the Romanian people for the benefit of Nazi Germany, for the economic and political subjugation of Romania to Germany, for cooperation with the Iron Guard, for murdering his political opponents, for the mass murder of civilians and crimes against peace. Nor did the King manage to save the leaders of the opposition such as Iuliu Maniu and the Bratianus,^[25] victims of Communist political trials, as the Constitution prevented him from doing so without the counter-signature of the justice minister, who was Communist Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu. The memoirs of the King's aunt Princess Ileana^[26] quote her alleged lover,^[27] and Romania's Communist minister of defense (and Soviet spy),^[28] Emil Bodnăraş, as saying: "Well, if the King decides not to sign the death warrant, I promise that we will uphold his point of view." Princess Ileana was skeptical: "You know quite well (...) that the King will never of his free will sign such an unconstitutional document. If he does, it will be laid at your door, and before the whole nation your government will bear the blame. Surely you do not wish this additional handicap at this moment!"

[edit] Forced abdication

In November, 1947 Michael travelled to London for the wedding of the future Queen Elizabeth II, an occasion during which he met Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, who was to become his wife. According to Romanian royalists, King Michael did not want to return home, but Americans and Britons present at the wedding encouraged him to do so;^[29] Winston Churchill is said to have counseled Michael to return because "above all things, a King must be courageous." According to his own account,^[30] King Michael rejected any offers of asylum and decided to return to Romania.

However, on December 30 of the same year, Michael was forced to abdicate Romania's throne. Later the same day, the Communists announced the abolition of the monarchy and its replacement by a People's Republic, broadcasting the King's pre-recorded radio proclamation^[31] of his own abdication. On January 3, 1948, Michael was forced to leave the country, followed^[32] over a week later by Princesses Elisabeth and Ileana, who collaborated so closely with the Russians that they became known as the King's "Red Aunts."^[33]

There are several accounts as to why Michael abdicated. As recounted by Michael himself, the Communist prime-minister Petru Groza had threatened him at gun point^{[34][35][36][37]} and blackmailed him that the government was to shoot 1,000 arrested students if Michael didn't abdicate.^[38] In an interview with The New York Times from 2007, Michael recalls the events: “It was blackmail. They said, ‘If you don’t sign this immediately we are obliged’ — why obliged I don’t know — 'to kill more than 1,000 students' that they had in prison.”^[7] According to Time magazine,^[1] the Communist government threatened Michael that it would arrest thousands and steep the country in blood if he did not abdicate.

But according to the book Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness -- A Soviet Spymaster, the autobiography of the former leader of the Soviet intelligence agency NKVD, major general Pavel Sudoplatov, the deputy Soviet foreign minister Andrey Vyshinsky personally conducted negotiations with King Michael for his abdication, guaranteeing part of a pension to be paid to Michael in Mexico.^[39] According to a few articles in Jurnalul Naţional,^[40][41] Michael's abdication was the result of his negotiations with the Communist government, not of a blackmail, which allowed him to leave the country accompanied by the goods he requested and by some of the royal retinue.^[41]

According to the Albanian Communist leader Enver Hoxha,^[42] who recounts his conversations with the Romanian Communist leaders on the king's abdication, Michael was threatened with a pistol by the Romanian Communist Party leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej rather than Petru Groza so as to abdicate. He was allowed to leave the country accompanied by some of his entourage and, as confirmed also by the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev recounting Dej's confessions,^[43] with whatever properties he desired, including gold and rubies.^[42] Hoxha does say in his book that the Romanian Communist leaders had threatened Michael with their loyal army troops, which had encircled the royal palace and its troops loyal to Michael.

According to Time magazine,^[44] in early 1948 there had been negotiations between King Michael and the Communist government over the properties he left behind in Romania and those negotiations delayed his denunciation of the abdication as illegal.

There are reports^{[45][46][47][48][49]} that Romanian Communist authorities, obedient to Stalin, allowed King Michael to part with 42 valuable Crown-owned paintings in November 1947, so that he would leave Romania faster.^[47] Some of these paintings^[50] were reportedly sold through the famed art dealer Daniel Wildenstein. One of the paintings belonging to the Romanian Crown which was supposedly taken out of the country by King Michael in November 1947, returned to Romania in 2004 as a donation ^[51][45][52] made by John Kreuger, the former husband of King Michael's daughter Princess Irina.

In 2005 Romanian Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu^[53] denied these accusations about Michael, stating that the Romanian government has no proof of any such action by King Michael and that, prior to 1949, the government had no official records of any artwork taken over from the former royal residences. However, according to some historians, such records existed as early as April 1948, having been, in fact, officially published in June 1948.^[54]

According to Ivor Porter's authorized biography,^[55] "Michael of Romania: The King and The Country" (2005), which quotes Queen-Mother Helen's daily diary, the Romanian royals took out paintings belonging to the Romanian Royal Crown on their November 1947 trip to London to the wedding of the future Queen Elizabeth II; two of these paintings, signed by El Greco, were sold in 1976.

According to recently declassified Foreign Office documents, when he left Romania, Michael's only assets amounted to 500,000 Swiss francs.^[56] Recently declassified Soviet transcripts of talks between Joseph Stalin and the Romanian Prime-Minister Petru Groza^[57][58] show that shortly before his abdication, King Michael received from the Communist government assets amounting to 500,000 Swiss francs. King Michael, however, repeatedly denied^{[59] [60] [61]} that the Communist government had allowed him to take into exile any financial assets or valuable goods besides four personal automobiles loaded on two train cars.

[edit] Life after the throne

Monarchical styles of King Michael I of Romania
Reference style	His Majesty
Spoken style	Your Majesty
Alternative style	Sir

In January 1948,^[1] Michael began using one of his family's ancestral titles, "Prince of Hohenzollern,"^[2][62] instead of using the title of "King of Romania." After denouncing his abdication as forced and illegal in March 1948, Michael resumed use of the kingly title.

In June 1948 he married Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma in Athens, Greece. They lived first in Britain and later settled in Switzerland. The Communist Romanian authorities stripped him of his Romanian citizenship in 1948. He became a commercial pilot and worked for an aircraft equipment company. He and his wife have five daughters.

In 1992, three years after the revolution which overthrew the Communist dictatorship, the Romanian government allowed Michael to return to his country for Easter celebrations, where he drew large crowds. In Bucharest over a million people turned out to see him.^[63] Michael's popularity alarmed the government of President Ion Iliescu so Michael was forbidden to visit Romania again for five years. In 1997, after Iliescu's defeat by Emil Constantinescu, the Romanian Government restored Michael's citizenship and again allowed him to visit the country. He now lives partly in Switzerland at Aubonne and partly in Romania, either at his Săvârşin castle in Arad county or in an official residence in Bucharest—the Elisabeta Palace—voted by the Romanian Parliament by a law concerning arrangements for former heads of state.

Michael has the following children:

• Margarita (born 1949)
• Elena (born 1950)
• Irina (born 1953)
• Sofia (born 1957)
• Maria (born 1964).

Both Elena and Irina have sons as well as daughters. Sofia, whose marriage was not accepted by her father, has a daughter.

For further details, see the genealogical listing.^[64]

According to the succession provisions of the Romanian kingdom's last democratically approved monarchical constitution of 1923, upon the death of King Michael without sons, the claim to the Crown devolves once again upon the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen family, (see "Line of succession to the Romanian throne").

However, on December 30, 2007, on the 60th anniversary of his abdication, King Michael signed the Fundamental Rules of the Royal Family of Romania,^[11][65] by which he designated Princess Margarita as heiress to the throne with the titles of "Crown Princess of Romania" and "Custodian of the Romanian Crown." On the same occasion, Michael also asked the Romanian Parliament that, should it consider restoring the monarchy, it should also abolish the salic law of succession.

[edit] Political positions

Michael has not encouraged monarchist agitation in Romania and royalist parties have made little impact in post-Communist Romanian politics. He takes the view that the restoration of the monarchy in Romania can only result from a decision by the Romanian people. "If the people want me to come back, of course, I will come back," he said in 1990. "Romanians have had enough suffering imposed on them to have the right to be consulted on their future." King Michael's belief is that there is still a role for and value to the monarchy today: "We are trying to make people understand what the Romanian monarchy was and what it can still do".^[66] According to a 2007 opinion poll conducted at the request of the Romanian Royal House, only 14% of the Romanians would agree with the restoration of the monarchy.^[67] Another 2008 poll found that only 16% of Romanians are monarchists.^[68]

Michael has undertaken some quasi-diplomatic roles on behalf of post-Communist Romania. In 1997 and 2002 he toured Western Europe, lobbying for Romania's admission into NATO and the European Union, and was received by heads of state and government officials.

In December 2003, to the stupefaction of the public opinion in Romania,^[69][70] Michael awarded the "Man of The Year 2003"^[71] prize to the then Prime Minister Adrian Năstase, leader of the PSD party, on behalf of the tabloid^[72] "VIP." The daily "Evenimentul Zilei" subsequently complained that such an activity was unsuited to a king and that Michael was wasting away his prestige, the majority of the political analysts considering his gesture as a fresh abdication.^[69]

[edit] Personality and personal interests

Michael has had a reputation for taciturnity. He once said to his grandmother, "I have learned not to say what I feel, and to smile at those I most hate."

Before getting to know his future wife Anne of Bourbon-Parme, Michael had a romantic relationship with, among others,^[73] a Greek woman, Dodo Chrisolegos, a protégé of the Romanian Communist Party leader Ana Pauker.^[74] Some claim that political influences had been exerted upon King Michael through this liaison.^[74][75]

Michael is passionate about cars,^[76] especially military jeeps.^[77][78] He is also interested in airplanes,^[79] having worked as a commercial flight pilot^[80] during his exile.

On May 10, 2007, King Michael received the Prague Society for International Cooperation and Global Panel's 6th Annual Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award, previously awarded to Vladimir Ashkenazy, Madeleine Albright, Václav Havel, Lord Robertson, and Miloš Forman.^[81] On April 8, 2008, King Michael was inducted as honorary member of the Romanian Academy.^[82][83]

[edit] Ancestors

v • d • e Ancestors of Michael I of Romania

16. Charles Anthony, Prince of Hohenzollern               8. Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern                       17. Princess Josephine of Baden               4. Ferdinand I of Romania                             18. Ferdinand II of Portugal               9. Infanta Antónia of Portugal                       19. Maria II of Portugal               2. Carol II of Romania                                   20. Albert, Prince Consort               10. Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha                       21. Victoria of the United Kingdom               5. Marie of Edinburgh                             22. Alexander II of Russia               11. Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia                       23. Marie of Hesse               1. Michael I of Romania                                         24. Christian IX of Denmark               12. George I of Greece                       25. Louise of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)               6. Constantine I of Greece                             26. Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich of Russia               13. Olga Constantinovna of Russia                       27. Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg               3. Helen of Greece and Denmark                                   28. William I, German Emperor               14. Frederick III, German Emperor                       29. Augusta of Saxe-Weimar               7. Sophia of Prussia                             30. Albert, Prince Consort (= 20)               15. Victoria, Princess Royal                       31. Victoria of the United Kingdom (= 21)

[edit] See also

• Kings of Romania
• Communist Romania
• Line of succession to the Romanian throne

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• The official website of The Romanian Royal Family
• Semi-official Michael of Romania website
• Royal Family events, Official website of Radu Duda, Prince of Hohenzollern-Veringen
• "Bonny King Michael" (Michael at age 5), on the cover of Time, August 1, 1927
• "Michael of Romania", interview with Peter Kurth, 1990
• "King of Romania recalls sacrifices", The Prague Post, May 2005
• "We reigned in darkness", The Spectator, June 14, 1997
• "World War II -- 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides", Radio Free Europe, May 6, 2005
• "The King’s Revenge", Evenimentul Zilei, April 20, 2006
• "The King and The Jester", Evenimentul Zilei, December 18, 2003
• Oliver North, "A Lesson in Leadership", The Washington Times, April 17, 2006
• (Romanian) Costel Oprea, "Regele Mihai, retrocedare de un miliard de euro", România Liberă, April 27, 2007
• (Romanian) Costel Oprea, "Harta marilor retrocedări (II)", România Liberă, April 18, 2007

Michael I of Romania House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Cadet branch of the House of Hohenzollern Born: October 25 1921
Regnal titles
Preceded by Ferdinand I	King of the Romanians July 20, 1927 – June 8, 1930	Succeeded by Carol II
Preceded by Carol II	King of the Romanians September 6, 1940 – December 30, 1947	Vacant Monarchy abolished
Political offices
Preceded by Ferdinand I as King of the Romanians	Head of State of Romania July 20, 1927 – June 8, 1930	Succeeded by Carol II as King of the Romanians
Preceded by Carol II as King of the Romanians	Head of State of Romania September 6, 1940 – December 30, 1947	Succeeded by Constantin Ion Parhon as President of the Provisional Presidium of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Titles in pretence
Loss of title Communist take-over	— TITULAR — King of the Romanians December 30, 1947 – present	Incumbent Designated heir: Frederick William, Prince of Hohenzollern or Princess Margarita of Romania [1]

v • d • e Heads of State of Romania United Principalities of Romania Domnitor of Romania (1859-1881) Cuza • Carol I Kingdom of Romania King of the Romanians (1881-1947) Carol I • Ferdinand I • Michael I • Carol II • Michael I Romanian People's Republic Interim Presidential Committee (1947-1948) President of the State Council (1948-1965) Parhon • Groza • Maurer • Gheorghiu-Dej Socialist Republic of Romania President of the State Council (1965-1989) President of the S.R. Romania (1974-1989) Stoica • Ceauşescu Post-1989 Romania President of Romania (1989-present) Iliescu • Constantinescu • Iliescu • Băsescu • Văcăroiu • Băsescu italics denotes interim • Categories: Heads of state of Romania, Presidents of Romania, Romanian monarchs

v • d • e Romanian princes 1st Generation none 2nd Generation Carol II · Prince Nicolae · Prince Mircea 3rd Generation Mihai I 4th Generation Radu Duda, Prince of Hohenzollern-Veringen* * Not a Romanian prince by birth, but a royal prince consort