José María Aznar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|
José María Aznar López
|
|
 |
|
|
76th Prime Minister of Spain
4th of the Democratic Spain (since 1977) |
|
|---|---|
| In office 4 May 1996 – 17 April 2004 |
|
| Vice President | Francisco Álvarez Cascos (1996–2000) Mariano Rajoy Brey (2000–2003) Rodrigo Rato Figaredo (2003–2004) |
| Preceded by | Felipe González Márquez |
| Succeeded by | José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero |
|
|
|
| In office 20 January 1989 – 4 May 1996 |
|
| President | Felipe González Márquez |
| Preceded by | Manuel Fraga Iribarne |
| Succeeded by | Felipe González Márquez |
|
|
|
| Born | 25 February 1953 Madrid, Spain |
| Nationality | Spain |
| Political party | PP |
| Spouse | Ana Botella |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
- This is a Spanish name; the first family name is Aznar and the second is López.
José María Aznar López (born 25 February 1953) served as the Prime Minister of Spain from 1996 to 2004.[1][2]
Contents |
[edit] Early life
Aznar, born in Madrid[3] in 1953, is the son of Manuel Aznar Acedo, a journalist and radio broadcaster, and grandson of Manuel Aznar Zubigaray, a prominent journalist during the Franco era. Both father and grandfather held governmental positions during the period of fascist Spain under Franco. He studied law at the Complutense University of Madrid, graduating in 1975, becoming a Spanish Tax Authority inspector in 1976. In 1977 he married Ana Botella.
[edit] Politician
As a teenager, Aznar was a member of the Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas (FES), a student union which was a branch of the Falange Española Independiente (FEI), then a current of the fascist falange.[4] After the death of Francisco Franco and the restoration of democracy, Aznar joined Alianza Popular (AP)(the People's Alliance) in January 1979, a few months after his wife. In March he became the Secretary General of the party in La Rioja, occupying the post until 1980. In February 1981 he joined the AP's National executive committee. He became Assistant Secretary General in February 1982. On 26 October 1982 he was elected to the Parliament, representing Ávila. On 22 June 1985 he was elected to the presidency of the AP in Castile and Leon. On 2 December 1986 AP leader Manuel Fraga resigned following fierce internal party fighting in the aftermath of another failure to dislodge the ruling PSOE. Aznar was not considered senior enough to be a possible successor, and gave his support to the more right wing Miguel Herrero who lost the leadership battle to Fraga's choice Antonio Hernández Mancha; resulting in Aznar losing his post as Assistant Secretary General. On 10 June 1987, having resigned his parliamentary seat, he was elected to the Cortes of Castile-León, where he was elected president of this Autonomous Region. Two years later, Aznar was voted by the National Executive Committee to be the new leader of his party, re-founded as the Partido Popular (People's Party, or PP). With Fraga focused on the presidency of Galicia, Aznar was confirmed as leader of the PP at their 10th National Congress at the end of March 1990. In November the PP moved from the Conservative group in the European Parliament to the more centrist and Christian Democratic European People's Party. On 6 June 1993 the PP again lost the general election, but improved on their previous performance by obtaining 34.8% of the vote. The PSOE lost its absolute majority and needed to form a coalition government with other parties in order to continue governing. The result was a disappointment for the PP as the opinion polls had predicted a victory for them. They did well in the 1994 European and 1995 local elections.
On 19 April 1995 his armored car prevented him from being assassinated by an ETA bomb.
The PP won the 3 March 1996 general election with 37.6% of the vote, thus ending 13 years of PSOE rule. With 156 of the 350 seats (the PSOE won 141) Aznar had to reach agreements with two regional nationalist parties, Convergence and Unity (Catalan) and the Canary Islands Coalition, in order to govern with additional support from the Basque Nationalist Party. He was voted in as President with 181 votes in the Cortes Generales on 4 May and sworn in the next day by King Juan Carlos I.
[edit] Aznar's terms
[edit] First term (1996–2000)
The Aznar Government (Government) maintained the commitment of the previous government to join the European Union's single currency and showed itself willing to take political risks in order to meet the requirements for membership. In the summer of 1996 it announced a decision to freeze the wages of civil servants in the following year and stood by that decision throughout the fall, despite a series of union-led demonstrations that culminated in protest marches by tens of thousands of Spaniards throughout the nation on 11 December.
The Government, with the backing of regional nationalist parties, passed a strict 1997 budget on 27 December, four days before time would have run out for its approval. The opposition United Left coalition argued that the spending cuts and tax adjustments contained in the budget would hurt the disadvantaged and benefit the rich. The budget aimed to enable Spain to lower its deficit to below 3% of gross domestic product, a requirement for joining the EU's single currency. Some critics note that this wasn't the only way of doing so.
The Government was also forced to back down on a plan to reduce Spanish dependence on its own high-priced coal when hundreds of coal miners blocked highways and demonstrated in November. The miners persuaded the government to adjust a national electricity plan that would have phased out the subsidy of Spanish coal, making it more expensive than imported coal.
Aznar also announced the sale early in 1997 of the nation's remaining minority stake (golden shares) in the Telefónica telecommunications company and the petroleum group Repsol. These golden shares in Telefonica and Repsol YPF, as well as in Endesa, Argentaria and Tabacalera, all presided over by people close to Aznar, have since been declared illegal by the European Union. This marked the beginning of a period of privatizations after the previous PSOE government had nationalized parts of the economy.
After the PP's first year in office, the goodwill between it and the major nationalist parties in the legislature, Convergence and Unity (CiU) and the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), appeared to have lost strength. Both parties had enjoyed leverage over the previous PSOE government, and the PNV in particular stepped back from colluding too closely with the government.
Ecological issues came to the fore in Spain during 1998. A vigorous public debate created a new awareness of topics such as environmental pollution and deforestation, and a host of organizations competed to spread the ecological message. The Government, conscious of the political implications of this new concern, was also party to the debate and promised active cooperation. As a reaction against attempts to liberalize the current abortion laws, Roman Catholic groups renewed their anti-abortion campaigns.
The economy suffered the effects of the global recession unleashed by the financial crisis in Asia, and the Economic Ministry reduced its 1999 economic growth estimate from 3.9% to 3.7%. The sharp decline in share prices on the Madrid and Barcelona stock exchanges (on average about 20%) created cause for concern among both business associations and trade unions. The latter voiced their concern about the risk of increased unemployment, which remained around 18%. Despite this slowdown, salaries increased by an average of 2.3% that year.
In 1999, the European Union introduced the euro, a major success for Aznar and his government. Steady economic growth and falling unemployment, though the rate exceeded all other EU member states, won the government public support. The Government's credibility was damaged when the PSOE revealed at the end of the year that the ranks of top Spanish civil servants had increased 15% over the previous year despite PP promises to cut the bureaucracy.
[edit] Second term (2000–2004)
Spanish voters reelected Aznar in the 2000 general election with an outright majority. The PP obtained 44.5% of the vote and 183 seats.[5] The Spanish electorate's participation was the lowest for a general election in Spain in the post-Franco era.[6]
Spain was one of the fastest-growing economies in the European Union (EU) in 2001, despite inflation nearing 4% and signs of an economic slowdown.[citation needed] However, the government's problems involved politics as much as policies. A number of issues were handled clumsily, including implementation of immigration legislation passed in January and a health scare over low-quality olive oil in July. In the autumn complaints that the government was steamrolling controversial university reforms through the parliament inflamed the opposition. At the end of the year students all over the country joined in strikes, demonstrations, and sit-ins, often alongside their rectors and professors. Though still outperforming most of its EU partners, Spain failed to escape the effects of the global economic downturn in 2002. Falling exports, declining domestic consumption, and a sharp drop in tourist revenue helped bring annual gross domestic product growth down to an estimated 2%, the lowest level since 1996.
In addition, rising crime rates and soaring house prices (up almost 50% since 1998) were the object of widespread public concern, providing opposition parties with powerful ammunition against Aznar's government.
The government ran into even deeper trouble in its attempt to reform the unemployment benefit system. A controversial decree-law issued on 27 May introduced new restrictions on entitlement to benefits, making it harder for those receiving welfare to turn down jobs offered by the public employment agency, and phasing out the special subsidy for agricultural workers in the south. The trade unions reacted by calling a 24-hour general strike on 20 June, embarrassing the government on the eve of an EU summit in Seville. The stoppage proved a largely unexpected success. On 7 October, just two days after a major national demonstration in Madrid to protest against the law, new Labor Minister Eduardo Zaplana announced an abrupt U-turn, accepting nearly all of the unions' demands and leaving only the reform of the subsidy for farm laborers on the statute book.
A major secondary-education bill also proved controversial. Intended to raise educational standards, the proposed Law of Quality lowered the age at which students were streamed into different educational tracks, allowed special schools in the state sector to select on merit, and introduced a new secondary-school-leaving exam. Opposition to the bill's allegedly socially divisive effects and inadequate funding for the public educational system brought student organizations, trade unions, and left-wing parties into the streets as the bill was being debated in the parliament in October.
Amid the relatively stagnant European economies, estimated GDP growth of 2.3% made Spain the second fastest-growing economy in the European Union in 2003. Continued expansion enabled the Spanish government to proclaim proudly that it would end the year with a budget surplus for the first time in recent history. However; inflation was running at 2.7% (compared with the EU's 1.7%) in November, unemployment stood at more than 10%, almost one-third of the workforce had temporary contracts, and housing prices were spiraling. The European Commission shared analysts' concerns that a hike in interest rates or increased unemployment could send housing prices tumbling, with disastrous consequences for families burdened with unprecedented levels of debt and for the financial institutions that had given them loans.
After six years of relative political calm, when political debate was dominated by a consensus within the ruling party on economics, regional nationalism, and terrorism, several issues arose which polarized Spanish public opinion. Much in the style of UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, Aznar actively supported US President George W. Bush's War on Terrorism despite widespread public disapproval. Aznar met with Bush in a private meeting before 2003 invasion of Iraq to discuss the situation of in the UN Security Council. A El País leaked a partial transcript of the meeting. The government handling of the wreckage of the Greek Prestige tanker near the Spanish coast, which resulted in a major ecological disaster, also became a divisive issue.
He actively encouraged and supported the Bush administration's foreign policy and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, defending it on the basis of secret intelligence allegedly containing evidence of the Iraqi government's nuclear proliferation. The majority of the Spanish population, including some PP members, were against the war. Spain's major cities were the scene of the largest street demonstrations ever seen in the country as a result of the government's participation in the invasion. Aznar lost some support from those who had voted for the PP in 2000. On a live TV interview aired on the public station while demonstrations were taking place on the streets, he asked the Spanish people to take his word assuring there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, which he had evidence of. This is now regarded as incorrect. An opinion poll carried out by the government run CIS (which had estimated that 92% of the Spanish people did not support the War in Iraq) in February 2004 estimated that the PP would win an election with 42.2% of the vote while the PSOE would only get 35.5%.[citation needed]
In January 2004 Aznar called a general election and designated his successor as candidate, Mariano Rajoy, sticking to a pledge of not seeking office for a third term. Despite political tensions, polls suggested that the Popular Party was set to win a third consecutive election.
[edit] Aznar's government 1996–2004
[edit] Madrid train bombings
Three days before the 2004 general election, 10 bombs killed 191 people in the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings. Initially, the government and the opposition[7][8] stated publicly that it was possible the bombings may have been the work of ETA. The PP government continued to place partial blame on ETA even after evidence that the attacks may have been the work of an Islamist group emerged, even going so far as having the Minister of Foreign Affairs Ana Palacio instruct all Spanish diplomats to place the blame on ETA at every opportunity.[9][10] The public perception that the government hid information from the general population gave rise to a public outcry. Two days after the Atocha bombings, demonstrations took place across Spain demanding news from the investigation, where chants such as "We want the truth before we vote" and "Who is responsible?" were heard.[11]
Three days after the train bombings, the opposition PSOE won the elections. The subsequent investigations held by a Parliamentary Committee were characterized by bitter partisan exchanges between the different political parties, with dispute over who may have been responsible for the bombings. Aznar appeared before the Committee in November 2004 and declared his belief that the authors of the bombings were not to be found "in faraway deserts or remote mountains."[12] Aznar said in 2006 that he thought that the attacks were not exclusively perpetrated by Islamists.
[edit] After 2004
After leaving office he presided over the FAES think tank, which is associated with the PP. After a 2005 reform, promoted by the current Prime Minister of Spain Rodríguez Zapatero, former prime ministers were admitted into the Spanish Council of State, a position from which he later resigned.
Aznar was appointed Distinguished Scholar in the Practice of Global Leadership at Georgetown University in Washington, DC in April 2004. In this position, he teaches two seminars per semester on contemporary European politics and trans-Atlantic relationships in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. Additionally, he teaches a course on political leadership, convened by Professor Carol Lancaster, with former Polish President Kwasniewski. Aznar leads public dialogues on pressing contemporary concerns in collaboration with other members of the faculty.
Recently Aznar was appointed to the Board of Directors of News Corporation, the media conglomerate of Rupert Murdoch.[13] Aznar was also appointed in 2007 to the advisory board of Centaurus Capital, a London based hedge fund[14] He is also member of the European Advisory Panel of The European Business Awards.
Aznar is a member of the Club of Madrid.[15] He is also a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization which works to promote good governance around the world.[16]
Aznar was also one of the signers and promoters of the Prague Charter.[citation needed]
[edit] Controversy
Aznar's government posthumously granted a medal of Civil Merit to Melitón Manzanas, the head of the secret police in San Sebastian and the first high-profile member of the Francoist government killed by ETA in 1968. He was widely considered a torturer, and Amnesty International condemned the awarding.[17]
After the 2004 elections it was revealed that Aznar and his government secretly channeled public funds to a US legal firm to lobby for the bestowment of the Congressional Gold Medal on Aznar. The contract consisted in a first payment of $700000 USD for the first seven months, followed by $100000 monthly payments until it reached the sum of $2 million.[18]
In an interview with BBC World on 27 July 2006 he voiced doubts about "Islamists" being the sole culprits of the disputed 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings, "You know in this moment some perpetrators of the attacks, but you do not know who imagined the attack, who is the leader of the attack who is the idea (sic) of the attack, who established and supported means for the attacks, who defined the logistics of the attacks, who established the strategies of the attack. Nothing...I think that one part of the perpetrators are Islamists, but I think that not only is an Islamist attack."[19]
During a conference in the Hudson Institute, a conservative U.S. think tank, on 23 September 2006 in Washington, DC, while referring to Pope Benedict XVI's comments on Islam and violence, Aznar asked himself why Muslims had not apologized for occupying Spain for 800 years; Al-Andalus. He then called the Alliance of Civilizations initiative "stupid." His reference to apologies was a response to the demonstrations asking the Pope to apologize. One PP official clarified Aznar's speech by saying the Prime Minister thought it is pointless to apologize for historical events.[20][21]
During a conference in Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, on the 8 February 2007 Aznar said there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq prior to the Iraq War, but that when he believed there were WMDs no one could disprove their existence.[22][23][24]
[edit] Books
- Libertad y solidaridad (1991)
- La España en que yo creo (1995)
- España: la segunda transición (1995)
- Ocho años de Gobierno (2004)
- Retratos y perfiles: de Fraga a Bush (2005)
- Cartas a un joven español (2007)
[edit] Conferences
- Latin America: An Agenda of Liberty, conference by José María Aznar at Francisco Marroquin University. Guatemala, November 2007"Conference by José María Aznar" (Language: spanish)
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "Extended biography at Fundació CIDOB (in Spanish)" (HTML). Fundació CIDOB (2004). Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ MONTALBÁN, M.V. La Aznaridad, 4th ed. Mondadori (2003)
- ^ Biography at Spanish congress site (wrong person)
- ^ "A letter written by Jose María Aznar in 1969 to the editor of a falangist journal" (HTML). http://www.us.archive.org/+(1969).+Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "Elections to the Spanish Congress of Deputies - Results Lookup" (HTML). Election Resources on the Internet (2000). Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "Elections to the Spanish Congress of Deputies" (HTML). Election Resources on the Internet (2004). Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "BBC: Scores die in Madrid bomb carnage" (HTML). BBC News (2004). Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ Juan José Ibarretxe Markuartu, regional president in the Pais Vasco: "When ETA attacks, the Basque heart breaks into a thousand pieces."
- ^ "Exteriores pidió a todas las embajadas que defendieran la autoría de ETA" (HTML). Cadena Ser (2004). Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "Palacio ordenó a embajadores decir que ETA cometió los atentados" (HTML). Barcelona Independent Media Center. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "Miles de personas exigen en las calles españolas que se les diga la verdad antes de votar" (HTML). El Pais (2004). Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ Paloma D. Sotero and Elena Mengual (2004). "Aznar ataca al Gobierno y pide que se 'investigue la verdad' del 11-M" (HTML). El Mundo. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ Dan Milmo (2006). "Former Spanish PM to join Murdoch board" (HTML). Guardian Business. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ James Mackintosh (2007). "Centaurus hires high-profile advisers" (HTML). Financial Times. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "The Club of Madrid is an independent organization dedicated to strengthening democracy around the world by drawing on the unique experience and resources of its Members – 66 democratic former heads of state and government" (HTML). Club of Madrid. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ Welcome to GLF Global Leadership Foundation
- ^ "No deben tolerarse las recompensas a torturadores(They should not tolerate rewards to torturers)", Amnesty International (30 January 2001).
- ^ Aznar pagó con dinero público a un "lobby" de Washington para conseguir la medalla del Congreso de EEUU (Cadena SER)
- ^ "Entrevista BBC Aznar, 24-07-2006 (Parte II de 3)" (HTML). BBC World via YouTube (2006). Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "Aznar: "Muslims should apologize for occupying Spain for 800 years"" (HTML). YouTube. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "Aznar se pregunta por qué los musulmanes no se disculpan 'por haber ocupado España ocho siglos'". El Mundo. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "Aznar sabe "ahora" que no había armas de destrucción masiva en Irak" (HTML). 20 Minutos. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "El ex presidente tarda cuatro años en reconocer la verdad sobre la guerra de Iraq" (HTML). Google Video. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "Aznar takes advantage of an act in Madrid with PP loyals to rectify his 2003 accusations about the weapons of mass destruction in Iraq". European Social Survey. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
[edit] External links
- (Spanish) Partido Popular
- (Spanish) Fundacion para el Analisis y los Estudios Sociales (Spanish Think Tank related to the PP)
| Preceded by Felipe González |
President of the Government of Spain 1996–2004 |
Succeeded by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero |
| Preceded by Manuel Fraga |
Chairman of the Popular Party 1990–2004 |
Succeeded by Mariano Rajoy |
| Preceded by Jose Constantino Nalda |
President of Castile-Leon 1987–1989 |
Succeeded by Jesús María Posada |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
