List of Turkic states and empires

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Contents

[edit] Modern Turkic countries

[edit] Independent states

[edit] De facto states

[edit] Autonomous Turkic republics in Russia

[edit] Other autonomous republics in the Russian Federation

These republics have a small Turkic minority and official language is a Turkic language.

[edit] Other autonomous Turkic regions

[edit] Former and defunct countries

[edit] Historical kaghanates, kingdoms, empires, and dynasties

The following listed kingdoms and empires were at some time ruled by Turkic kings/khans/shahs or other dynasties. Mentioning of any particular entity in this place should not be read to mean that the entity as a whole was Turkic or even had more than a significant minority of Turkic subjects.

[edit] Chronological

[edit] Turko-Chinese

[edit] Turco-Mongol

[69][70][71][72][73]

Main article: Turco-Mongol

[edit] Turco-Persian

[83]

Main article: Turko-Persian tradition
v • d • e
Turkic-speaking regions
Federal subjects of Russia shown in italics.
1 Includes the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.    2 Recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Recognized only by Turkey, see Cyprus dispute.
  2. ^ Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000-year-old necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia Keyser-Tracqui C., Crubezy E., Ludes B. American Journal of Human Genetics 73, 247-260 (August 2003) (Am J Hum Genet. 2003 August; 73(2): 247–260.)
  3. ^ All Empires
  4. ^ Ancient DNA Tells Tales from the Grave Nancy Touchette "Skeletons from the most recent graves also contained DNA sequences similar to those in people from present-day Turkey. This supports other studies indicating that Turkish tribes originated at least in part in Mongolia at the end of the Xiongnu period."
  5. ^ A. Vovin, "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?", Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87-104.
  6. ^ Cotterell, pp.87
  7. ^ 'Northern Han dynasty was also known as Early Chao. It was founded by Xiongnu chief Liu Yüan at the head of an army of 50,000 Xiongnu in 308 AD.' Grousset 1970, p.56
  8. ^ Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press, 1973
  9. ^ Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Language of Huns
  10. ^ Grousset, p.67
  11. ^ Nicole, p.21
  12. ^ Hupchick 2002, p.28.
  13. ^ "The Bulgars were a confederation of steppe nomadic Turkic tribes who formerly were part of successive tribal confederations centered on Ukraine, particularly those headed by the Gökturks and the Avars." Hupchick (2002: p.33)
  14. ^ Grousset 1970, p.176
  15. ^ Findley 2005, p.50, p.142
  16. ^ Saunders 1970, pages 59, 81, 220
  17. ^ Hupchick 2002, pp.32-56
  18. ^ Nicole 1990, p.28-29
  19. ^ Grousset 1970, p.176-177
  20. ^ M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth, member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
  21. ^ Árpáds, who built and ruled Kingdom of Hungary, were a dynasty of Turkic Onogur(Onoghundur) or Turkic Kabar descent. Grousset 1970, p.177-178
  22. ^ Saunders, p.211
  23. ^ Saunders, p.97
  24. ^ Saunders, p.52
  25. ^ Golden Horde was also known as the Kipchak Khanate. It was stablished and initially ruled by the Chinggissid Mongols officering a predominantly Turkic army of Kipchak-Kumans, Bulgars, and Oghuz over a predominantly Turkic population. Grousset, R., The Empire of the Steppes, 1970, p.393, Rutgers University Press
  26. ^ "As a consequence, groups of the Cumans and the Tatars settled and mingled with the local population in the various regions of the Balkans. The Cumans were the founders of three successive Bulgarian dynasties (Asenids, Terterids, and Shishmanids), and the Wallachian dynasty (Basarabids). They also played an active role in Byzantium, Hungary, and Serbia with Cuman immigrants being integrated into each country's elite." Vásáry 2005, p.i
  27. ^ "Just as, in the case of contacts between the Bulgaro-Turks and Southern Slaves, the Bulgars organised a state, gave it political stability, and were assimilated into the numerically stronger Slavic population, so the Cumans organised the Vlakh settlers and within a few generations had become culturally assimilated into them.", p. 136, "Cumans and Tatars" by István Vásáry.
  28. ^ Vásáry 2005, p. i
  29. ^ "To replace Ivailo, the Bulgarian bolyars chose Georgi I Terter, possibly a Cuman in ethnic origin." Hupchick 2002, p.84
  30. ^ Vásáry 2005, p.i
  31. ^ Plamen Pavlov, "Cuman, Tatars and Alans in the Second Bulgarian Empire", p.6.(2005)
  32. ^ Vásáry 2005, p.i
  33. ^ Cavendish, Marshall. "World and Its Peoples", p.335. Published 2007, Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0761476350.
  34. ^ Findley 2005
  35. ^ Saunders 1970, p.177
  36. ^ Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study. 1989. Original from the University of Michigan. pg 313. Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989. pg 145. Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottomon Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977. pg 77
  37. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica. R. N. Frye. Peoples of Iran.
  38. ^ R.M. Savory. Ebn Bazzaz. Encyclopedia Iranica
  39. ^ Thackston 1996
  40. ^ Findley 2005
  41. ^ Saunders 1970, p.177
  42. ^ a b Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896, I.B.Tauris, pp 2-3
  43. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  44. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  45. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  46. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  47. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  48. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  49. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  50. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  51. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  52. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  53. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  54. ^ Paludan, pp.80
  55. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  56. ^ Paludan, pp.81
  57. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  58. ^ Paludan, pp.81
  59. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  60. ^ Paludan, pp.81
  61. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  62. ^ Cotterell, pp.282
  63. ^ Cotterell, pp.117
  64. ^ Paludan, pp.93
  65. ^ Paludan, pp.109
  66. ^ Paludan, pp.121
  67. ^ Paludan, pp.121
  68. ^ Paludan, pp.121
  69. ^ Singer, Amy. "Constructing Ottoman Beneficence", p86. Published 2002, SUNY Press. ISBN 0791453510.
  70. ^ Dale, Stephen Frederic. "The Garden of the Eight Paradises", p136. Published 2004, BRILL. ISBN 9004137076
  71. ^ Lane, George. "Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule", p13. Published 2004, Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313325286
  72. ^ Saunders, J.J., "The History of the Mongol Conquests", p34. 2001, Routledge & Kegan Ltd. ISBN 978-0812217667.
  73. ^ Lewis, Bernard. "Islam in History Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East", p204. Published 2001, Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0812695186.
  74. ^ Cotterell, pp.87
  75. ^ Grousset, p.67
  76. ^ Nicole, p.21
  77. ^ Boris Grekov and Alexander Yakubovski, "The Golden Horde and its Downfall"
  78. ^ Thackston 1996
  79. ^ Findley 2005
  80. ^ Saunders 1970, p.177
  81. ^ The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Tamarind Empire)
  82. ^ The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)
  83. ^ Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", p29. Published 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806110600.
  84. ^ a b M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
  85. ^ Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah, "History Of The Mohamedan Power In India", Chapter I, "Sultān Mahmūd-e Ghaznavī", p.27: "... "Sabuktegin, the son of Jūkān, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Fīrūz, the son of Yezdijird, king of Persia. ..."
  86. ^ Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24
  87. ^ K.A. Luther, "Alp Arslān" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... Saljuq activity must always be viewed both in terms of the wishes of the sultan and his Khorasanian, Sunni advisors, especially Nezām-al-molk ..."
  88. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
  89. ^ O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
  90. ^ M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth, member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
  91. ^ Richard N. Frye and Lewis V. Thomas. The United States and Turkey and Iran, Harvard University Press, 1951, p. 217
  92. ^ Cavendish, Marshall. "World and Its Peoples", p.335. Published 2007, Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0761476350.
  93. ^ Ansari, N.H. "Bahmanid Dynasty" Encylopaedia Iranica[1]
  94. ^ Stein, B. A History of India, p.150, 1998, Blackwell

[edit] References

  • Cotterell, A., The Imperial Capitals of China: A Dynastic History of the Celestial Empire, 2008, The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-59020-007-0
  • Findley, C.V., The Turks in World History, 2005, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517726-6
  • Forbes Manz, B., The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, 2002, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63384-2
  • Grousset, R., The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1991, Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9
  • Hupchick, D.P., The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism, 2002, Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6417-3
  • Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806110600.
  • Nicole, D., PhD., Attila and the Huns, 1990, Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-034-X
  • Paludan, A., Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China, 1998, Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0500050903
  • Saunders, J.J., The History of the Mongol Conquests, 2001, Routledge & Kegan Ltd. ISBN 978-0812217667
  • Thackston, W.M., The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor, 2002, Modern Library. ISBN 978-0375761379
  • Vásáry, I., Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365, 2005, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521837569


v • d • e
Turkic-speaking regions
Federal subjects of Russia shown in italics.
1 Includes the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.    2 Recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_states_and_empires"
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