Immigration to the United Kingdom (1922-present day)

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Since the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1922^[1] there has been substantial immigration from other parts of the world. In particular, migrants have arrived from Ireland and the former colonies of the British Empire - such as India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Caribbean, South Africa, Kenya and Hong Kong - under British nationality law. Others have come as asylum seekers, seeking protection as refugees under the United Nations 1951 Refugee Convention, or from European Union (EU) member states, exercising one of the EU's Four Freedoms.

About half the population increase between the 1991 and 2001 censuses was due to foreign-born immigration. 4.9 million people^[2] (8.3 percent of the population at the time) were born abroad, although the census gives no indication of their immigration status or intended length of stay.

In 2006, there were 149,035 applications for British citizenship, 32 percent fewer than in 2005. The number of people granted citizenship during 2006 was 154,095, 5 per cent fewer than in 2005. The largest groups of people granted British citizenship were from India, Pakistan, Somalia and the Philippines.^[3] In 2006, 134,430 people were granted settlement in the UK, a drop of 25 per cent on 2005.^[4] Meanwhile, migration from Central and Eastern Europe has increased since 2004 with the accession to the European Union of eight Central and Eastern European states, since there is free movement of labour within the EU. The UK government is currently phasing in a new points-based immigration system for people from outside of the European Economic Area.

[edit] British Empire & the Commonwealth

During the period 1814-1910 the British Empire covered a large proportion of the globe, at its peak over a third of the world's people lived under British rule. Both during this time, and following the granting of independence to most colonies after World War II, the vast majority of immigrants to the UK were from either current or former colonies, most notably those in the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent. These people filled a gap in the UK labour market for unskilled jobs and many people were specifically brought to the UK on ships such as the Empire Windrush.

In 1962, the Commonwealth Immigrants Act was passed by the British government, restricting the freedom of passage into the UK from other parts of the Commonwealth. By 1972, only holders of work permits, or people with parents or grandparents born in the UK could gain entry - effectively stemming primary immigration from Commonwealth countries.

The Ireland Act 1949 has the unusual status of recognising the Republic of Ireland, but affirming that its citizens are not citizens of a foreign country. This was at a time when a republic was not allowed to be a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

[edit] World War II

See also: British Germans

In the lead up to the World War II, many Germans, particularly those belonging to minorities which were persecuted under Nazi rule, such as Jews, sought to emigrate to the United Kingdom, and it is estimated that as many as 50,000 may have been successful. There were immigration caps on the number who could enter and, subsequently, some applicants were turned away. When the UK was forced to declare war on Germany, however, migration between the countries ceased.

[edit] Post-war immigration (1945-1983)

Until the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962, all Commonwealth citizens could enter and stay in the United Kingdom without any restriction. The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 made Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKCs) whose passports were not directly issued by the United Kingdom Government (i.e. passports issued by the Governor of a colony or by the Commander of a British protectorate) subject to immigration control.

Indians began arriving in the UK in large numbers shortly after their country gained independence in 1947. More than 60,000 arrived before 1955, many of whom drove buses, or worked in foundries or textile factories. Later arrivals opened corner shops or ran post offices. The flow of Indian immigrants peaked between 1965 and 1972, boosted in particular by Idi Amin's sudden decision to expel all 50,000 Gujarati Indians from Uganda. Around 30,000 Ugandan Asians migrated to the UK.^[5]

By 1972, only holders of work permits, or people with parents or grandparents born in the UK could gain entry - effectively stemming primary immigration from Commonwealth countries.

Following the end of World War II, substantial groups of people from Soviet-controlled territories settled in Britain, particularly Poles and Ukrainians. The UK recruited displaced people as so-called European Volunteer Workers in order to provide labour to industries that were required in order to aim economic recovery after the war.^[6] In the 1951 census, the Polish-born population of the UK numbered some 162,339, up from 44,642 in 1931.^[7][8]

There was also an influx of refugees from Hungary, following the crushing of the 1956 Hungarian revolution, numbering 20,990.^[9]

[edit] Contemporary immigration (1983 onwards)

The British Nationality Act 1981, which was enacted in 1983, distinguishes between British citizen or British Overseas Territories citizen. The former hold nationality by descent and the latter hold nationality other than by descent. Citizens by descent cannot automatically pass on British nationality to a child born outside the United Kingdom or its Overseas Territories (though in some situations the child can be registered as a citizen).

Immigration officers have to be satisfied about a person's nationality and identity and entry could be refused if they were not satisfied.^[10]

Census data reveals the number of UK residents who were born abroad (1951-2001).
     total foreign-born population                     percentage of total population
Source:Office for National Statistics^[11]

Inflow migration (the top of the bars), outflow migration (the bottom of the bars) and net overall immigration (the bars themselves) increased between 1994 and 2004.
Source:Office for National Statistics^[11]

[edit] European Union

One of the Four Freedoms of the European Union, of which the United Kingdom is a member, is the right to the free movement of people.

Since the expansion of the EU on 1 May 2004, the UK has accepted immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe, Malta and Cyprus, although the substantial Maltese and Greek- and Turkish-Cypriot communities were established earlier through their Commonwealth connection. There are restrictions on the benefits that members of eight of these accession countries can claim, which are covered by the Worker Registration Scheme.^[12] Most of the other European Union member states have exercised their right for temporary immigration control (which must end by 2011^[13]) over entrants from these accession states,^[14] although some are now removing these restrictions.^[15]

The Home Office publishes quarterly statistics on the number of applications to the Worker Registration Scheme. Figures published in August 2007 indicate that 682,940 people applied to the scheme between 1 May 2004 and 30 June 2007, of whom 656,395 were accepted.^[16] Self-employed workers and people who are not working (including students) are not required to register under the scheme so this figure represents a lower limit on immigration inflow. These figures do not indicate the number of immigrants who have since returned home, but 56 per cent of applicants in the 12 months ending 30 June 2007 reported planning to stay for a maximum of three months. Figures for total immigration show that there was a net inflow of 64,000 people from the eight Central and Eastern European accession states in 2005.^[17] An investigation by more4 found that Poles (who make up the majority of those registered with the WRS) currently represent a substantial proportion of the population of some UK cities.^[18] Research suggests that a total of around 1 million people had moved from the new EU member states to the UK by April 2008, but that half this number have since returned home or moved on to a third country.^[19][20]

The Government announced that the same rules would not apply to nationals of Romania and Bulgaria when those countries acceded to the EU in 2007. Instead, restrictions were put in place to limit migration to students, the self-employed, highly skilled migrants and food and agricultural workers.^[21] Statistics released by the Home Office indicate that in the first three months of Romania and Bulgaria's EU membership, 7,120 people (including family members) from the two countries successfully registered on the various schemes.^[22] Between April and June 2007, a further 9,335 Bulgarian and Romanian nationals had their applications granted. This includes those registering as self-employed and self-sufficient. An additional 3,980 were issued cards for the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme (SAWS).^[23]

[edit] Managed migration

"Managed migration" is the term used for all legal work permits and visas and this accounts for a substantial percentage of overall immigration figures for the UK. Many of the immigrants who arrive under these schemes bring skills which are in short supply in the UK. This area of immigration is managed by Work Permits (UK), a department within the Home Office. Applications are made at UK Embassies or Consulates or directly to Work Permits (UK), depending upon the type of visa or permit required.

Employer Sponsored Work Permits allow employers to sponsor an employee's entrance into the UK by demonstrating that they possess skills that cannot be found elsewhere. Immigrants who have education or experience in occupations which are listed on the Skills Shortage List^[24] may apply for a work permit. This includes engineers, doctors, nurses, actuaries and teachers. Employers can also obtain work permits for occupations not on the Skills Shortage List by advertising the position and demonstrating that no suitable UK resident or EU worker can be found. Approvals for a work permit are usually based upon the suitability of the applicant to the role, by education and/or experience.

In addition there is a points-based system called the Highly Skilled Migrant Programme (HSMP) which allows a highly skilled migrant to enter the UK with the right to work without first having to find an offer of employment and without an employer needing to sponsor the visa. Points are awarded for education, work experience, past earnings, achievements in the field and achievements of the applicant's partner. There are also points for being aged under 28 and for doctors currently working in the UK.

Some people work in the UK under a Working holiday visa which allows 12 months of work within a 24 month period for those aged 17 to 30. UK Ancestry Entry Clearance allows a person to work in the UK for five years if they have a grandparent who was born in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man at any time; or a grandparent born in what is now the Republic of Ireland on or before March 31, 1922. After that they may apply for Indefinite leave to remain.

In April 2006 changes to the current Managed Migration system were proposed that would primarily create one points-based immigration system for the UK. The replacement for HSMP (Tier 1 in the new system) gives points for age and none for work experience. This points based system is being phased in over the course of 2008.^[25][26]

For family relatives of European Economic Area nationals living in the UK, there is the EEA family permit which enables those family members to join their relatives already living and working in the UK.

[edit] Refugees and asylum seekers

Asylum applications rose then fell during the period 1993 to 2006.
Source:Home Office^[27][28]

Acquisition of British citizenship by previous nationality, 2006.
Source:Home Office^[29]

The UK is a signatory to the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which means that it has a responsibility under international law not to return (or refoule) refugees to the place where they would face persecution.

Nonetheless the issue of immigration has been a controversial political issue since the late 1990s. Both the ruling Labour Party and the opposition Conservatives have suggested policies perceived as being "tough on asylum"^[30] (although the Conservatives have dropped a previous pledge to limit the number of people who could claim asylum in the UK, which would likely have breached the UN Refugee Convention)^[31] and the tabloid media frequently print headlines about an "immigration crisis".^[32]

This is denounced by those seeking to ensure that the UK upholds its international obligations as disproportionate. Critics suggest that much of the opposition to high levels of immigration by refugees is based on racism. Concern is also raised about the treatment of those held in detention and the practice of dawn raiding families, and holding young children in immigration detention centres for long periods of time.

However, critics of the UK's asylum policy often point out the "safe third country rule" - the international agreement that asylum seekers must apply in the first free nation they reach, not go "asylum shopping" for the nation they prefer. EU courts have upheld this policy.^[33]

In February 2003, Prime Minister Tony Blair promised on television to reduce the number of asylum seekers by half within 7 months,^[34] apparently catching unawares the members of his own government with responsibility for immigration policy. David Blunkett, the then Home Secretary, called the promise an objective rather than a target.^[35] It was met according to official figures,^[36] despite increase world instability caused by the Iraq War. There is also a Public Performance Target to remove more asylum seekers who have been judged not to be refugees under the internation definition than new anticipated unfounded applications. This target was met early in 2006.^[37]

Official figures for numbers of people claiming asylum in the UK were at a 13 year low by March 2006.^[38] Opponents of the government's policies on asylum seekers and refugees, such as Migration Watch UK^[39] and some newspapers are critical of the way official figures are calculated.

Human rights organisations such as Amnesty International have argued that the government's new policies, particularly those concerning detention centres, have detrimental effects on asylum applicants^[40] and those facilities have seen a number of hunger strikes and suicides. Others have argued that recent government policies aimed at reducing 'bogus' asylum claims have had detrimental impacts on those genuinely in need of protection.^[41]

[edit] Illegal immigration

Illegal (sometimes termed irregular) immigrants in the UK include those who have:

• entered the UK without authority
• entered with false documents
• overstayed their visas

Although it is difficult to know how many people reside in the UK illegally, a Home Office study released in March 2005 estimated a population of between 310,000 and 570,000.^[42] Migration Watch UK has criticised the Home Office figures for not including the UK-born dependent children of unauthorised migrants. They suggest the Home Office has underestimated the numbers of unauthorised migrants by between 15,000 and 85,000.^[43] In the past the UK government has stated that the figures Migration Watch produces should be treated with considerable caution.^[44]

A recent study into irregular immigration states that "most irregular migrants have committed administrative offences rather than a serious crime".^[45]

Jack Dromey, Deputy General of the Transport and General Workers Union and Labour Party treasurer, suggested in May 2006 that there could be around 500,000 illegal workers. He called for a public debate on whether an amnesty should be considered.^[46] David Blunkett has suggested that this might be done once the identity card scheme is rolled out.^[47] London Citizens, a coalition of community organisations, is running a regularisation campaign called Strangers into Citizens, backed by figures including the leader of the Catholic church in England and Wales, the Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor.^[48].

In February 2008, the government introduced new £10,000 fines for employers found to be employing illegal immigrants where there is negligence on the part of the employer, with unlimited fines or jail sentences for employers acting knowingly^[49]

[edit] Place of birth

The table below lists the places of birth of British people according to the 2001 UK Census.^[50] Where available population figures including the following are also stated:

• British born people with roots in that nation (i.e. people belonging to that ethnic group or nationality, e.g. British born people of Jamaican descent)
• People born in nor the UK or the listed nation (e.g. Mexican Americans in the UK)
• Most recent figures for the population of people born in that nation

Country/ Region of Birth	Population (2001)	Total Population (as stated above)	Corresponding Wikipedia article(s)
United Kingdom total	53,923,642	N/A	British people
England	44,028,981	N/A	English people
Scotland	5,246,136	N/A	Scottish people
Wales	2,818,093	N/A	Welsh people
Northern Ireland	1,829,648	N/A	Northern Irish people
Republic of Ireland	533,901	14,000,000 [51]	Irish British people
India	467,634	1,600,000 [52]	Indians British people
Pakistan	321,167	1,000,000 [53]	Pakistani British people
Germany	266,136	N/A	German British people
United States	158,434	224,000 [54]	American British people
Bangladesh	154,362	500,000 [55]	Bangladeshi British people
Jamaica	146,401	420,000 [56]	Jamaican British people
South Africa	141,405	N/A	South African British people
Kenya	129,633	N/A	Kenyan British people
Australia	107,871	400,000 [57]	Australian British people
Italy	107,244	N/A	Italian Brtish people
Hong Kong	96,445	145,000 [58]	Hongkonger British people
France	96,281	N/A	French British people
Nigeria	88,378	800,000 - 3,000,000 [59]	Nigerian British people
Cyprus	77,673	430,000	Cypriot British people
Canada	72,518	N/A	Canadian British people
Sri Lanka	67,938	300,000 [60]	Sri Lankan British people
Poland	60,711	1,000,000 [61]	Polish British people
New Zealand	58,286	N/A	New Zealander British people
Ghana	56,112	N/A	Ghanaian British people
Uganda	55,213	N/A	Ugandan British people
Spain	54,482	N/A	Spanish British people
Turkey	54,079	400,000 [62]	Turkish British people
China (The People's Republic of.)	51,078	500,000 [63]	Chinese British people
Malaysia	49,886	N/A	Malaysian British people
Zimbabwe	49,524	N/A	Zimbabwean British people
Somalia	43,515	43,515[64]	Somali British people
Iran	42,494	250,000 - 300,000 [65]	Iranian British people
Other/ Not Stated	42,216	N/A
Singapore	40,474	N/A	Singaporean British people
Netherlands	40,438	N/A	Dutch British people
Philippines	40,118	200,000 [66]	Filipino British people
Japan	37,535	51,000 [67]	Japanese British people
Portugal	36,555	N/A	Portuguese British people
Greece	35,169	400,000	Greek British people
United Republic of Tanzania	32,630	N/A	Tanzanian British people
Iraq	32,236	250,000 - 450,000 [68]	Iraqi British people
Serbia and Montenegro	31,244	N/A	Serbian British people
Malta	30,178	N/A	Maltese British people
Mauritius	27,078	N/A	Mauritian British people
Egypt	27,078	147,000 [69]	Egyptian British people
Vietnam	23,347	70,000	Vietnamese British people
Africa (Country not stated)	22,975	N/A
Sweden	22,525	N/A
Belgium	21,668	N/A
Barbados	21,601	61,000	Barbadian British people
Zambia	21,529	N/A
Trinidad and Tobago	21,283	60,000	Trinidadian British people
Guyana	20,872	59,000	Guyanese British people
Austria	19,503	N/A	Austrian British people
Denmark	18,695	N/A
Sierra Leone	17,048	N/A	Sierra Leonean British people
Thailand	16,257	36,000 [70]	Thai British people
Switzerland	16,010	N/A	Swiss British people
Brazil	15,215	200,000 - 300,000 [71]	Brazilian British people
Russia	15,160	300,000 [72]	Russian British people
Afghanistan	14,875	200,000 [73]	Afghan British people
Norway	13,798	N/A
Hungary	13,159	N/A	Hungarian British people
Yemen	12,508	30,000 - 40,000 [74]	Yemeni British people
Morocco	12,348	74,000 [75]	Moroccan British people
Malawi	12,340	N/A
Colombia	12,331	130,000 - 160,000 [76]	Colombian British people
South Korea	12,310	41,195 [77]	Korean British people
Czech Republic	12,220	N/A	Czech British people
Ukraine	11,913	35,000	Ukrainian British people
Israel	11,892	N/A	Israeli British people
Gibraltar	11,830	N/A
Finland	11,322	N/A
Sudan	10,671	N/A
Algeria	10,670	N/A
Lebanon	10,459	80,000 - 100,000	Lebanese British people
Burma (Myanmar)	9,924	N/A	Burmese British people
Grenada	9,783	28,000	Grenadian British people
Libya	9,141	N/A
Saudi Arabia	8,789	N/A
Democratic Republic of the Congo	8,569	N/A
Saint Lucia	8,265	23,000	Saint Lucian British people
Montserrat	7,983	23,000	Montserratian British people
Ethiopia	7,775	N/A
Romania	7,631	50,000	Romanian British people
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	7,091	20,000	Vincentian British people
Croatia	6,992	N/A	Croatian British people
Argentina	6,796	N/A	Argentinean British people
Dominica	6,739	19,000	Dominican British people
Indonesia	6,711	N/A	Indonesian British people
Bosnia-Herzegovina	6,692	N/A
Chinese Taipei (Taiwan)	6,588	10,000 [78]
Eritrea	6,561	N/A
Saint Kitts and Nevis	6,519	19,000	Saint Kitts and Nevisian British people
Nepal	5,943	N/A	Nepali British people
Angola	5,914	N/A
Kuwait	5,882	N/A
Asia (Country not stated)	5,677	N/A
United Arab Emirates	5,406	N/A
Bulgaria	5,351	N/A	Bulgarian British people
Slovak Republic	5,273	N/A
Chile	5,131	N/A	Chilean British people
Mexico	5,049	N/A	Mexican British people
Lithuania	4,363	200,000 [79]
Latvia	4,275	30,000 - 40,000 [80]
Bahrain	4,185	N/A
Syria	4,168	N/A
Peru	4,066	45,000 - 65,000 [81]	Peruvian British people
Venezuela	3,996	N/A	Venezuelan British people
Gambia	3,924	N/A
Antigua and Barbuda	3,891	11,000	Antiguan British people
Fiji	3,464	N/A
Mozambique	3,353	N/A
Congo	3,266	N/A
Cameroon	3,233	N/A
Jordan	3,115	N/A
Tunisia	3,070	N/A
Ecuador	3,035	70,000 - 90,000 [82]	Ecuadorian British people
Bermuda	2,986	N/A
Seychelles	2,905	N/A
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)	2,794	N/A
Brunei	2,782	N/A
West Bank (Palestinian territories)	2,483	N/A
Rwanda	2,373	N/A
Saint Helena	2,355	N/A
Albania	2,314	N/A
Botswana	2,051	N/A
Oman	2,024	N/A
Burundi	2,022	N/A
Estonia	2,005	14,000 [83]
Bahamas	1,797	5,000	Bahamian British people
Liberia	1,583	N/A
Iceland	1,552	N/A
Macau	1,490	N/A
South and Central America (Country not stated)	1,338	N/A
Macedonia	1,285	N/A
Belize	1,233	N/A
Namibia	1,230	N/A
Slovenia	1,228	N/A
Luxembourg	1,222	N/A
Belarus	1,154	N/A
Netherlands Antilles	1,151	3,000
Bolivia	1,143	N/A	Bolivian British people
Cuba	1,083	N/A	Cuban British people
Qatar	1,062	N/A
Papua New Guinea	1,057	N/A
Falkland Islands	1,044	N/A
Uruguay	963	N/A	Uruguayan British people
Kazakhstan	871	N/A
Swaziland	863	N/A
Madagascar	789	N/A
Senegal	723	N/A
Cambodia	706	N/A
El Salvador	595	N/A
Armenia	589	N/A
Azerbaijan	561	N/A
Togo	553	N/A
Georgia	551	N/A	Georgian British people
Dominican Republic	523	N/A	Dominican British people
Uzbekistan	521	N/A
Guatemala	499	N/A
Anguilla	498	1,000
Paraguay	493	N/A
Panama	492	N/A
Former USSR (Country not stated)	483	N/A
Laos	464	N/A
Moldova	455	N/A
Honduras	420	N/A
Guinea-Bissau	381	N/A
Costa Rica	376	N/A
Cayman Islands	369	1,000
Lesotho	331	N/A
Cape Verde	328	N/A	Cape Verdean British people
Central African Republic	312	N/A
Solomon Islands	309	N/A
Puerto Rico	306	N/A
Mongolia	293	N/A
Europe (Country not stated)	269	N/A
Guinea	265	N/A
Suriname	264	N/A
Benin	239	N/A
Djibouti	237	N/A
Monaco	225	N/A
Nicaragua	223	N/A
Maldives	200	N/A
Chad	183	N/A
Kiribati	179	N/A
Haiti	164	500
British Virgin Islands	163	500
Tonga	143	N/A
Gabon	135	N/A
Vanuatu	135	N/A
Kyrgyzstan	133	N/A
Samoa	125	N/A
United States Virgin Islands	124	400
Mali	121	N/A
Oceania (Country not stated)	108	N/A
Sao Tome and Principe	102	N/A
Tajikistan	101	N/A
Burkina Faso	99	N/A
Turkmenistan	99	N/A
Niger	96	N/A
Bhutan	86	N/A
Comoros	62	N/A
Guam	61	N/A
Turks and Caicos Islands	56	200
Equatorial Guinea	51	N/A
Cook Islands	37	N/A
Andorra	35	N/A
American Samoa	30	N/A
Mauritania	28	N/A
Liechtenstein	23	N/A
North Korea	22	N/A
British Indian Ocean Territory	19	N/A
Nauru	14	N/A
Tuvalu	10	N/A
San Marino	9	N/A
Norfolk Islands	4	N/A
Micronesia (Federated States of.)	3	N/A
Niue	3	N/A
Pitcairn Islands	3	N/A
Palau	3	N/A
Aruba	0	N/A
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	0	N/A
Northern Mariana Islands	0	N/A
Tokelau	0	N/A
East Timor	0	N/A
Vatican City	0	N/A

• Note: The African-Caribbean communities total populations are rough estimates based on the percentage of people born in that country against the total Afro-Caribbean community.

[edit] Outlook

The United Kingdom is set to become Europe’s most highly populated nation within two generations, driven by immigration.^[84] Forecasts published by the European Commission suggest that UK will overtake Germany within 50 years as the population rises from 60.9 million today to 77 million.^[85] Britain's immigrant population is likely to almost double to 9.1 million by 2030.^[86]

[edit] Legal advice

Although the guidance notes and numerous online resources are available to help out people applying for immigration to United Kingdom, one can also seek legal advice for this matter. The guidelines to the immigration programmes states that immigration advisers should fulfil the requirements of good practice. An independent public body set up under the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 named The Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner (OISC) maintains and publishes the register of advisers.

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Asylum and Immigration Tribunal
• British Afro-Caribbean community
• British Asian
• British Chinese
• British nationality law
• British national identity card
• Life in the United Kingdom test
• Greeks in Great Britain
• Immigrants to the United Kingdom
• Border and Immigration Agency
• Migrant literature
• Migration Watch UK
• Rivers of Blood speech
• Refugee Council
• EEA family permit
• UK Borders Act 2007‎

[edit] External links

• Immigrants: The inconvenient Truth (A Channel 4 video documentary analyzing the pros and cons of immigrants coming over from various countries to the UK.)
• Indians largest group among new immigrants to UK
• National Coalition of Anti-Deportation Campaigns
• Barbed Wire - Network to End Migrant and Refugee Detention
• Born Abroad: An Immigration Map of Britain (BBC, 2005)
• Destination UK, BBC News special
• Optimum Population Trust
• History of Chinese immigration to Britain
• Immigration & Nationality Directorate at the Home Office
• Moving Here, the UK's biggest online database of digitised photographs, maps, objects, documents and audio items from 30 local and national archives, museums and libraries which record migration experiences of the last 200 years
• Summary of UK immigration rules from the Home Office
• hWeb - An outline of the immigration pattern of the Pakistani community in Britain