James IV of Scotland

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James IV
King of Scots (more...)
Reign 11 June 1488–9 September 1513
Coronation 24 June 1488
Predecessor James III
Successor James V
Spouse Margaret Tudor
Issue
James, Duke of Rothesay (infant)
Arthur, Duke of Rothesay (infant)
James V
Alexander, Duke of Ross (infant)
Titles and styles
His Grace The King
The Duke of Rothesay
Royal house House of Stewart
Father James III
Mother Margaret of Denmark
Born 17 March 1473(1473-03-17)
Stirling Castle, Scotland
Died 9 September 1513 (aged 40)
Battle of Flodden Field, Northumberland

James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death. He is generally regarded as the most successful of the Stewart monarchs of Scotland, but his reign ended with the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Flodden Field, where he became the last British monarch to be killed in battle.

Contents

[edit] Early life

James IV was the son of James III and Margaret of Denmark, probably born in Stirling Castle. As heir apparent to the Scottish crown he became Duke of Rothesay. His father was not a popular king and faced two major rebellions during his reign. During the second rebellion the rebels set up the 15-year-old James as their nominal leader. His father was killed fighting the rebels at the Battle of Sauchieburn on 11 June 1488, and James took the throne and was crowned at Scone on 24 June. When he realised the indirect role which he had played in the death of his father, he decided to do penance for his sin. From that date on, he wore a heavy iron chain cilice around his waist, next to the skin, each Lent as penance.[citation needed]

[edit] Reign

James IV quickly proved to be an effective ruler. He defeated another rebellion in 1489, took a direct interest in the administration of justice and finally brought the Lord of the Isles under control in 1493. He established good diplomatic relations with England, at that time emerging from a period of Civil War, and in 1502 signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII. He also saw the importance in building a fleet that could provide Scotland with a strong maritime presence. James founded two new dockyards for the purpose and acquired a total of 38 ships for the Royal Scottish Navy, including the Margaret, and the carrack Michael or Great Michael. This latter, built at great expense at Newhaven and launched in 1511, was 240 feet (73 m) in length, weighed 1,000 tons and was, at that time, the largest ship in Europe.

Arms of James IV
Arms of James IV

James was a true Renaissance prince with an interest in practical and scientific matters. He granted the Edinburgh College of Surgeons a royal charter in 1506, turned Edinburgh Castle into one of Britain's foremost gun foundries, and welcomed the establishment of Scotland's first printing press in 1505. He was a patron of the arts, including many literary figures, most notably the Scots makars whose diverse and socially observant works convey a vibrant and memorable picture of cultural life and intellectual concerns in the period. Figures associated with his court include William Dunbar, Walter Kennedy and Gavin Douglas who made the first complete translation of Virgil's Aeneid in northern Europe. His reign also saw the passing of the makar Robert Henryson.

James was well educated and a fluent linguist. In 1499 the Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala reported that he was able to "speak Latin, French, German, Flemish, Italian and the barbarian Gaelic, the native tongue of nearly all his subjects"[1]. The king's interest extended beyond aquisition of languages; as part of a language deprivation experiment, James sent two children to be raised by a mute woman alone on an island, to determine if language was learned or innate.[2] [This citation needs checked]

[edit] Marriage

For a time, he supported Perkin Warbeck, the pretender to the English throne, and carried out a brief invasion of England on his behalf. However, James recognized that peace between Scotland and England was in the interest of both countries, and so signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1502) and married Henry VII's daughter Margaret Tudor, on 8 August 1503, at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh.

The union produced around six children[3]:

[edit] Illegitimate children

James also had seven illegitimate children with four different mistresses:

[edit] Later life

When war broke out between England and France as a result of the Italian Wars, James found himself in a difficult position as his obligations under the Auld Alliance with France conflicted with the treaty made with England in 1502. The new king of England, Henry VIII, attempted to invade France in 1513, and James reacted by declaring war on England. Hoping to take advantage of Henry's absence, he led an invading army southward, only to be killed, with many of his nobles and common soldiers, at the disastrous Battle of Flodden Field on 9 September, ending Scotland's involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai. A body, thought to be his, was recovered from the battlefield and taken to London for burial. Because he was excommunicated, the embalmed body lay unburied for many years in the monastery of Sheen in Surrey, and was lost after the Reformation. James' bloodstained coat was sent to Henry VIII of England (then on campaign in France) by his queen Catherine of Aragon.[4]

Rumours persisted that James had survived and had gone into exile, but there is no evidence to support them.

[edit] Legacy

James's decision to invade England is often seen as ill-considered. However it has been argued that it can be criticised only if Scotland was not entitled to pursue an independent foreign policy, and the military force was adequate for the task, but the Battle of Flodden was lost through poor generalship. Undoubtedly his death ushered in a period of prolonged instability in Scotland.

James IV is also significant in Scottish history as the last King of Scots who is known to have spoken Scottish Gaelic.

[edit] Titles, styles, honours and arms

[edit] Titles and styles

[edit] Ancestors

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ http://www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/jamesiv.htm
  2. ^ "First Language Acquisition". Western Washington University. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.: Source, 'History of Scotland Lindsay of Pitscottie
  3. ^ The Peerage — James IV
  4. ^ Find a Grave — James IV King of Scots

[edit] References

  • James the Fourth, Norman MacDougall (2006 with two earlier issues, regarded as definitive).
  • King James IV of Scotland, R.L. Mackie (1958, the most important previous biography).
  • Ashley, Mike (2002). British Kings & Queens. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1104-3. 
James IV of Scotland
Born: 17 March 1473 Died: 9 September 1513
Regnal titles
Preceded by
James III		 King of Scots
11 June 1488–9 September 1513		 Succeeded by
James V
Preceded by
John II		 Lord of the Isles
1493–1513		 Succeeded by
James V of Scotland
Scottish royalty
Preceded by
Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany		 Heir of Scotland
as heir apparent
17 March 1473–11 June 1488		 Succeeded by
James Stewart, Duke of Ross
v • d • e
Pictish and Scottish Monarchs
Monarchs of the Picts (traditional)



Monarchs of the Scots (traditional)
Kenneth I MacAlpin · Donald I · Constantine I · Áed · Giric · Eochaid · Donald II · Constantine II · Malcolm I · Indulf · Dub · Cuilén · Amlaíb · Kenneth II · Constantine III · Kenneth III · Malcolm II · Duncan I · Macbeth · Lulach · Malcolm III Canmore · Donald III · Duncan II · Donald III · Edgar · Alexander I · David I · Malcolm IV · William I · Alexander II · Alexander III · Margaret (disputed)  · First Interregnum · John · Second Interregnum · Robert I · David II · Robert II · Robert III · James I · James II · James III · James IV · James V · Mary I · James VI* · Charles I* · Charles II · The Covenanters · The Protectorate · Charles II* · James VII* · Mary II* · William II* · Anne*
* also monarch of England and Ireland.
v • d • e
Dukes of Rothesay

HRH The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay
David (1398–1402)  · James I (1402–1406)  · Alexander (1430)  · James II (1430–1437)  · James III (1452–1460)  · James IV (1473–1488)  · James (1507–1508)  · Arthur (1509–1510)  · James V (1512–1513)  · James (1540–1541)  · James VI (1566–1567)  · Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (1603–1612)  · Charles I (1612–1625)  · Charles James (1629)  · Charles II (1630–1649)  · The Old Pretender (1688–1689)  · George II (1714–1727)  · Prince Frederick (1727–1751)  · George IV (1762–1820)  · Edward VII (1841–1901)  · George V (1901–1910)  · Edward VIII (1910–1936)
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