Bernhard von Bülow
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Prince Bernhard von Bülow
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| In office October 16, 1900 – July 16, 1909 |
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| Monarch | William II |
| Preceded by | Prince Hohenlohe |
| Succeeded by | Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg |
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| In office 1900 – 1909 |
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| Preceded by | Prince Hohenlohe |
| Succeeded by | Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg |
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| In office 1897 – 1900 |
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| Preceded by | Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein |
| Succeeded by | Oswald Freiherr von Richthofen |
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| In office 1897 – 1909 |
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| Preceded by | Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein |
| Succeeded by | Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg |
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| Born | May 3, 1849 Klein-Flottbeck, Holstein |
| Died | October 28, 1929 (aged 80) Rome |
| Political party | None |
| Alma mater | University of Lausanne University of Berlin University of Leipzig University of Greifswald |
Prince Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin von Bülow, born Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin von Bülow (May 3, 1849 – October 28, 1929) was a German statesman who served as Chancellor of the German Empire from 1900 to 1909.
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[edit] Family
He was born at Klein-Flottbeck, Holstein, now part of Altona, Hamburg. His great uncle, Heinrich von Bülow, was Prussian ambassador to England from 1827 to 1840, and married a daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt. His father, Bernhard Ernst von Bülow, was a Danish and German statesman. His brother, Major-General Karl Ulrich von Bulow, was a cavalry commander during World War I who took part in the attack on Liège in August 1914.
On the 9th of January 1886, he married Maria Anna Zoe Rosalia Beccadelli di Bologna, Princess Camporeale, whose first marriage with Count Karl von Dönhoff had been dissolved and declared null by the Holy See in 1884. The princess, an accomplished pianist and pupil of Franz Liszt, was a stepdaughter of the Italian statesman Minghetti.
[edit] Diplomatic career
Bernhard von Bülow, after serving in the Franco-Prussian War 1870/71, completed his law degree at the University of Greifswald in 1872. Afterwards, he entered first the Prussian Civil Service, and then the diplomatic service. In 1876 he was appointed attaché to the German embassy in Paris, attended the Berlin Congress as a secretary[1] and became second secretary to the embassy in 1880. In 1884 he became first secretary to the embassy at St Petersburg, and acted as chargé d'affaires; in 1887 he advocated ethnic cleansing of Poles from Polish territories of German Empire in future armed conflict.[2] In 1888 he was appointed envoy at Bucharest, and in 1893 to the post of German ambassador at Rome. In 1897, on the retirement of Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein, he was appointed state secretary for foreign affairs (the same office which his father had held) under Prince Hohenlohe, with a seat in the Prussian ministry. As foreign secretary Bülow was chiefly responsible for carrying out the policy of colonial expansion (or Weltpolitik) with which the emperor had identified himself, and in 1899, on bringing to a successful conclusion the negotiations by which the Caroline Islands were acquired by Germany, he was raised to the rank of Count. On the resignation of Hohenlohe in 1900 he was chosen to succeed him as chancellor of the empire and Prime Minister of Prussia.
[edit] Chancellor
His first conspicuous act as chancellor was a masterly defence in the Reichstag of German imperialism in China. Bülow often spent his time defending German foreign policy before the parliament; to say nothing of covering for the many gaffes of Wilhelm II. On June 6, 1905 Count Bülow was raised to the rank of prince (Fürst), on the occasion of the marriage of the crown prince. The coincidence of this date with the fall of Theophile Delcassé, the French minister for foreign affairs, a triumph for Germany and a humiliation for France, was much commented on at the time; and the elevation of Bismarck to the rank of prince in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles was recalled. Whatever element of truth there may have been in this, however, the significance of the incident was much exaggerated.
On April 5, 1906, while attending a debate in the Reichstag, Prince Bülow was seized with illness, the result of overwork and an attack of influenza, and was carried unconscious from the hall. At first it was thought that the attack would be fatal, and Lord Fitzmaurice in the House of Lords compared the incident with that of the death of Chatham, a compliment much appreciated in Germany. The illness, however, quickly took a favorable turn, and after a month's rest the chancellor was able to resume his duties. In 1907, during the Harden-Moltke scandals, Adolf Brand, the founder of the first homosexual periodical, Der Eigene, printed a pamphlet which described how Bernhard Prince von Bülow had been blackmailed for his sexuality. Allegedly the Chancellor had kissed and embraced Scheefer at male gatherings hosted by Eulenburg, and thus, being gay, was morally obliged to publicly oppose Paragraph 175, which outlawed homosexuality. In the ensuing libel suit, Bülow was victorious, and Brand received 18 months in prison.
The parliamentary skill of Prince Bülow in holding together the heterogeneous elements of which the government majority in the Reichstag was composed, no less than the diplomatic tact with which he from time to time interpreted the imperial indiscretions to the world, was put to a rude test by the famous interview with the German emperor, published in the London Daily Telegraph of October 28, 1908, which aroused universal reprobation in Germany. Prince Bülow assumed the official responsibility, and tendered his resignation to the emperor, which was not accepted; but the chancellor's explanation in the Reichstag on November 10 showed how keenly he felt his position. He declared his conviction that the disastrous results of the interview would induce the emperor in future to observe that strict reserve, even in private conversations, which is equally indispensable in the interest of a uniform policy and for the authority of the crown, adding that, in the contrary case, neither he nor any successor of his could assume the responsibility. It was not the imperial indiscretions, but the effect of his budget proposals in breaking up the Liberal-Conservative bloc, on whose support he depended in the Reichstag, that eventually drove Prince Bülow from office (see German Empire). At the emperors request he remained to pilot the mutilated budget through the House; but on July 14, 1909 the acceptance of his resignation was announced. He was succeeded by Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg.
He pursued a policy of aggrandizement in the years preceding World War One.
[edit] Further career
From 1914 to 1915 Bülow was ambassador to Italy, but failed to bring her onto the side of Germany, or even to persuade her to maintain her neutrality. He regarded his task as impossible in any case, and on returning remarked: "Morale and attitude of the German people: A-1. Political leadership: Z-Minus." Although many of the leading figures in the Reichstag (including Matthias Erzberger) hoped that Bülow would succeed Bethmann Hollweg upon the latter's dismissal in 1917, the former Chancellor was overlooked. Prince von Bülow died on October 28, 1929, a mere day before Black Tuesday.
| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by Prince Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst |
Chancellor of Germany 1900–1909 |
Succeeded by Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg |
| Prime Minister of Prussia 1900–1909 |
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[edit] References
- ^ New International Encyclopedia
- ^ Hostages of Modernization, ed. Strauss, 1993 (unverified)
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
[edit] External links
- Chancellor Von Bulows Memoirs, Vol.I. In English at archive.org
- Chancellor Von Bulows Memoirs, Vol.II. In English at archive.org
- Chancellor Von Bulows Memoirs, Vol.IV. In English at archive.org
- Bernhard Bülow, Marie A. Lewenz (1914). Imperial Germany. Dodd, Mead.
- Bernhard Bülow (1907). Fürst Bülows reden nebst urkundlichen Beiträgen zu seiner Politik. Reimer.
