Canadian federal election, 1988

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Canadian federal election, 1988 295 seats in the 34th Canadian Parliament
November 21, 1988
Leader		Brian Mulroney	John Turner	Ed Broadbent
Party		PC	Liberal	New Democrat
Leader's seat		Charlevoix	Vancouver Quadra	Oshawa
Last election		211	40	30
Seats won		169	83	43
Seat change		-42	+43	+13
Popular vote		5,667,543	4,205,072	2,685,263
Percentage		43.02%	31.92%	20.38%
Swing		-7.02%	+3.89%	+1.57%
Incumbent PM Brian Mulroney PC PM-Elect Brian Mulroney PC

The Canadian federal election of 1988 was held November 21, 1988, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 34th Parliament of Canada. It was an election largely fought on a single issue: the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement.

Incumbent Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, leader of the Progressive Conservative Party, had signed the agreement. The Liberal Party, led by John Turner, was opposed to the agreement, as was the New Democratic Party led by Ed Broadbent. Among the minor parties, the Christian Heritage Party, running its first election candidates, supported the concept of free trade but had serious reservations about the negotiated agreement.

The Conservatives went into the election suffering from a number of scandals. Despite winning a large majority only four years before, they looked vulnerable at the outset.

The Liberals had some early struggles, notably during one day in Montreal where 3 different costs were given for the proposed Liberal daycare program. The campaign was also hampered by a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation report that stated there was a movement in the backroom to replace Turner with Jean Chrétien, even though Turner had passed a leadership review in 1986.

Support swung back and forth between the Conservatives and Liberals over free trade. With mid-campaign polls suggesting a Liberal government, this prompted the Conservatives to stop the relatively calm campaign they had been running, and go with Allan Gregg's suggestion of "bombing the bridge" that joined anti-FTA voters and the Liberals: Turner's credibility. The ads focused on Turner's leadership struggles, and combined with over $6 million CAD in pro-FTA ads, managed to stop the Liberals' momentum. Infighting among the Liberals and vote splitting between the NDP and Liberals contributed to a second Conservative majority government.

The Liberals reaped most of the benefits of opposing the FTA and doubled their representation to 83 seats to emerge as the main opposition; the NDP had also made gains but finished a distant third with 43 seats. The Progressive Conservatives won a reduced but strong majority government with 169 seats. Despite the Liberals' improved standing, the results were considered a disappointment for Turner, after polls in mid-campaign predicted a Liberal government. The election loss seemed to confirm Turner's fate, and he eventually resigned in 1990, and was succeeded by Chrétien.

The 1988 election was the most successful in the New Democratic Party's history. The party dominated in British Columbia and Saskatchewan, won significant support in Ontario and elected its first (and to date, only) member from Alberta.

The election was the last for Canada's Social Credit movement: the party won no seats, and had an insignificant portion of the popular vote.

The newly founded Reform Party also contested the election, but was considered little more than a fringe group, and did not win any seats.

In all, 76% of eligible voters cast a ballot.

Contents 1 National results 2 Results by province 3 Notes 3.1 10 closest ridings 3.2 Youngest candidate 4 See also 5 External links

[edit] National results

For a complete list of MPs elected in the 1988 election see 34th Canadian parliament.

Party		Party leader	# of candidates	Seats				Popular vote
				1984	Dissolution	Elected	% Change	#	%	Change
	Progressive Conservative	Brian Mulroney	295	211	203	169	-19.9%	5,667,543	43.02%	-7.02%
	Liberal	John Turner	294	40	38	83	+107.5%	4,205,072	31.92%	+3.89%
	New Democratic Party	Ed Broadbent	295	30	32	43	+34.4%	2,685,263	20.38%	+1.57%
	Reform	Preston Manning	72	*	*	-	*	275,767	2.09%	*
	Christian Heritage	Ed Vanwoudenberg	63	*	*	-	*	102,533	0.78%	*
	Rhinoceros	Charles McKenzie	74	-	-	-	-	52,173	0.40%	-0.39%
	Green	Seymour Trieger	68	-	-	-	-	47,228	0.36%	+0.14%
	Confederation of Regions	Elmer Knutson	51	-	-	-	-	41,342	0.31%	-0.68%
	Libertarian	Dennis Corrigan	88	-	-	-	-	33,135	0.25%	+0.06%
	Commonwealth	Gilles Gervais	58	-	-	-	-	7,467	0.06%	-0.21%
	Communist	George Hewison	51	-	-	-	-	7,066	0.05%	-0.01%
	Social Credit	Harvey Lainson	9	-	-	-	-	3,407	0.03%	-0.10%
	Independent		55	1	4	-	-	22,982	0.17%	-0.01%
	No affiliation		100	-	-	-		24,516	0.19%	-0.12%
	Vacant				5
	Total		1,573	282	282	295	+4.61%	13,175,494	100%

Note:

"% change" refers to change from previous election

169	83	43

A number of unregistered parties also contested the election. The Western Canada Concept party, led by Douglas Christie, fielded three candidates in British Columbia. The Western Independence Party ran one candidate in British Columbia, seven in Alberta, and three in Manitoba (although one of the Manitoba candidates appears to have withdrawn before election day).

The Marxist-Leninist Party fielded candidates in several ridings.

Blair T. Longley campaigned in British Columbia as a representative of the "Student Party". Newspaper reports indicate that this was simply a tax-avoidance scheme.

The moribund Social Credit Party actually fielded fewer candidates than was required for official recognition, but the Chief Electoral Officer allowed the party's name to appear on the ballot by virtue of its history as a recognized party.

[edit] Results by province

Party name			BC	AB	SK	MB	ON	QC	NB	NS	PE	NL	NT	YK	Total
	Progressive Conservative	Seats:	12	25	4	7	46	63	5	5	-	2	-	-	169
		Popular Vote:	35.3	51.8	36.4	36.9	38.2	52.7	40.4	40.9	41.5	42.2	26.4	35.3	43.0
	Liberal	Seats:	1	-	-	5	43	12	5	6	4	5	2	-	83
		Vote:	20.4	13.7	18.2	36.5	38.9	30.3	45.4	46.5	49.9	45.0	41.4	11.3	31.9
	New Democratic Party	Seats:	19	1	10	2	10	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	43
		Vote:	37.0	17.4	44.2	21.3	20.1	14.4	9.3	11.4	7.5	12.4	28.3	51.4	20.38
Total seats			32	26	14	14	99	75	10	11	4	7	2	1	295
Parties that won no seats:
	Reform	Vote:	4.8	15.4		3.3									2.1
	Christian Heritage	Vote:		1.1			1.4							2.0	0.8
	Rhinoceros	Vote:						1.2							0.4
	Green	Vote:													0.4
	Confederation of Regions	Vote:							4.3						0.3
	Libertarian	Vote:													0.3
	Commonwealth	Vote:						0.2							0.1
	Communist	Vote:													0.1
	Social Credit	Vote:													xx
	Other	Vote:													0.4

xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote.

Note: Parties that captured less than 1 % of the vote in a province are not recorded.

[edit] Notes

• Number of parties: 11
  • First appearance: Christian Heritage Party, Reform Party
  • Final appearance: Confederation of Regions Party, Rhinoceros Party, Social Credit Party
  • Final appearance before hiatus: Communist Party (returned in 2000)

[edit] 10 closest ridings

1. London-Middlesex, ON: Terry Clifford (PC) def. Garnet Bloomfield (Lib) by 8 votes
2. Northumberland, ON: Christine Stewart (Lib) def. Reg Jewell (PC) by 28 votes
3. Hamilton Mountain, ON: Beth Phinney (Lib) def. Marion Dewar (NDP) by 73 votes
4. York North, ON: Maurizio Bevilacqua (Lib) def. Michael O'Brien (PC) by 77 votes
5. Rosedale, ON: David MacDonald (PC) def. Bill Graham (Lib) by 80 votes
6. London East, ON: Joe Fontana (Lib) def. Jim Jepson (PC) by 102 votes
7. Haldimand-Norfolk, ON: Bob Speller (Lib) def. Bud Bradley (PC) by 209 votes
8. Hillsborough, PEI: George Proud (Lib) def. Tom McMillan (PC) by 259 votes
9. Cariboo-Chilcotin, BC: Dave Worthy (PC) def. Jack Langford (NDP) by 269 votes
10. Vancouver Centre, BC: Kim Campbell (PC) def. Johanna Den Hertog (NDP) by 269 votes

[edit] Youngest candidate

1. Kings-Hants, NS: Rik Gates (Not Affiliated) was 22 years and 9 months old when he ran for Member of Parliament.

[edit] See also

• Confederation of Regions Party candidates, 1988 Canadian federal election
• Libertarian Party candidates, 1988 Canadian federal election

[edit] External links

• Riding map
• Election of 1988, by Stephen Azzi

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