Elections in Lebanon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Lebanon |
 This article is part of the series: |
|
|
|
Other countries · Atlas Politics portal |
Elections in Lebanon gives information on election and election results in Lebanon.
Contents |
[edit] Parliamentary electoral system
Lebanon's national legislature is called the Assembly of Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwab in Arabic). Since the elections of 1992 (the first since the reforms of the Taif Agreement of 1989 removed the built-in majority previously enjoyed by Christians and distributed the seats equally between Christians and Muslims), the Parliament has had 128 seats. The term is four years.
Seats in the Parliament are confessionally distributed but elected by universal suffrage. Each religious community has an allotted number of seats in the Parliament (see the table below). They do not represent only their co-religionists, however; all candidates in a particular constituency, regardless of religious affiliation, must receive a plurality of the total vote, which includes followers of all confessions. The system was designed to minimize inter-sectarian competition and maximize cross-confessional cooperation: candidates are opposed only by co-religionists, but must seek support from outside of their own faith in order to be elected.
In practice, this system has led to charges of gerrymandering. The opposition Qornet Shehwan Gathering, a group opposed to the previous pro-Syrian regimes, has claimed that constituency boundaries have been drawn so as to allow many Shi'a Muslims to be elected from Shi'a-majority constituencies (where the Hizbullah Party is strong), while allocating many Christian members to Muslim-majority constituencies, forcing Christian politicians to represent Muslim interests. (Similar charges, but in reverse, were made against the Chamoun administration in the 1950s).
The following table sets out the confessional allocation of seats in the Parliament before and after the Taif Agreement.
| Confession | Before Taif | After Taif |
|---|---|---|
| Maronite | 30 | 34 |
| Greek Orthodox | 11 | 14 |
| Greek Catholic | 6 | 8 |
| Armenian Orthodox | 4 | 5 |
| Armenian Catholic | 1 | 1 |
| Protestant | 1 | 1 |
| Other Christians | 1 | 1 |
| Total Christians | 54 | 64 |
| Sunni | 20 | 27 |
| Shi'a | 19 | 27 |
| Druze | 6 | 8 |
| Alawite | 0 | 2 |
| Total Muslims | 45 | 64 |
| Total | 99 | 128 |
The President is elected for a six year term by the parliament.
Lebanon has numerous political parties, but they play a much less significant role in Lebanese politics than they do in most parliamentary democracies. Many of the "parties" are simply lists of candidates endorsed by a prominent national or local figure. Loose coalitions, usually organized locally, are formed for electoral purposes by negotiation among clan leaders and candidates representing various religious communities; such coalitions usually exist only for the election, and rarely form a cohesive bloc in the Parliament after the election. No single party has ever won more than 12.5 percent of the seats in the Parliament, and no coalition of parties has won more than 35 percent.
Especially outside of the major cities, elections tend to focus more on local than national issues, and it is not unusual for a party to join an electoral ticket in one constituency while aligned with a rival party - even an ideologically opposite party - in another constituency.
Presidential elections are indirect, with the President being elected to a 6 year term by the Parliament.
[edit] Electoral reforms
A new electoral law was passed on 29 September 2008 as foreseen by the Doha Agreement.[1]
| Allocation of seats in the 2009 election for the Parliament of Lebanon (Majlis an-Nuwwab)
according to The Doha Agreement[2] |
Total | Maronites | Shi'a | Sunni | Greek Orthodox | Druze | Armenian | Greek Catholic | Alawite | Protestant | Other Christians | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beirut 19 | Beirut 1 | 5 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Beirut 2 | 4 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | |
| Beirut 3 | 10 | - | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | |
| Bekaa 23 | Bekaa+Hermel | 10 | 1 | 6 | 2 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Zahlah | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | |
| Rashaya+West Bekaa | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Mount Lebanon 35 | Jbeil | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Kisrawan | 5 | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| North Metn | 8 | 4 | - | - | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Baabda | 6 | 3 | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Aley | 5 | 2 | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Chouf | 8 | 3 | - | 2 | - | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| North Lebanon 28 | Akkar | 7 | 1 | - | 3 | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Dinniyeh & Minieh | 3 | - | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Bsharreh | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Tripoli | 8 | 1 | - | 5 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Zgharta | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Kurah | 3 | - | - | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Batrun | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| South Lebanon 23 | Saida | 2 | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Tyre | 4 | - | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Zahrani | 3 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Hasbaya & Marjeyoun | 5 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Nabatiyeh | 3 | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Jezzine | 3 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Total 128 | 128 | 34 | 27 | 27 | 14 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
[edit] Latest election
The last elections took place between May 29 and June 20, 2005. The Rafik Hariri Martyr List, an anti-Syrian bloc lead by Saad Hariri, captured control of the legislature winning 72 of the 128 available seats. The Amal-Hezbollah alliance won 35 seats, with 21 seats going to the Free Patriotic Movement and allied parties.
| Alliances | Seats | Parties | Votes | % | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 14 Alliance | 72 | Future Movement (Tayyar Al Mustaqbal) | 36 | ||
| Progressive Socialist Party (Hizb al-Taqadummi al-Ishtiraki) | 16 | ||||
| Lebanese Forces (al-Quwāt al-Lubnāniyya) | 6 | ||||
Qornet Shehwan Gathering
|
6 | ||||
| Independents (Tripoli Bloc) | 3 | ||||
| Democratic Renewal (Tripoli Bloc) | 1 | ||||
| Democratic Left (Tripoli Bloc) | 1 | ||||
| Independents | 3 | ||||
| Resistance and Development Bloc | 35 | Amal Movement (Harakat Amal) | 14 | ||
| Party of God (Hezbollah) | 14 | ||||
| Syrian Social Nationalist Party (al-Hizb al-Qawmi al-souri al ijtima'i) | 2 | ||||
| Others | 5 | ||||
| Change and Reform Bloc | 21 | Free Patriotic Movement (Tayyar Al-Watani Al-Horr) | 14 | ||
| Skaff Bloc | 5 | ||||
| Murr Bloc | 2 | ||||
| Total | 128 | ||||
[edit] Past elections
|
|||||
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Adam Carr's Election Archive
- Libanvote: an exhaustive record of all elections since 1927, with a constituency-by-constituency breakdown of votes by candidate, together with any subsequent byelections for particular constituencies.
- Mohammad Bazzi: Lebanese Election Preview Council on Foreign Relations
