County (United States)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A county of the United States is a local level of government created as a subdivision of a state by the state government or by the federal or territorial government as a subdivision of a territory. The word county is used in 48 of the 50 states, while Louisiana uses the term parish and Alaska uses borough.[1] Including those, there are 3,077 counties in the US, an average of 62 counties per state. The state with the fewest counties is Delaware (three), and the state with the most is Texas (254).[2] In many states, counties are subdivided into townships or towns and may contain other independent, self-governing municipalities. The site of a county's administration and courts is called the county seat.
The U.S. Census Bureau lists 3,141 counties or county-equivalent administrative units total. The power of the county government varies widely from state to state, as does the relationship between counties and incorporated municipal governments.[3] The distribution of power between the state government, county governments, and municipal governments is defined in each state's constitution.
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[edit] Governance
Counties are usually governed by an elected board of supervisors, county commission, county council or county legislature. In some counties, there is a county mayor or a county executive. The position of mayor is mostly ceremonial in some states, while in others, the mayor is more powerful than the commissioners or supervisors.[1]
In many states, the board in charge of a county holds powers that transcend all three traditional branches of government. It has the legislative power to enact ordinances for the county; it has the executive power to oversee the executive operations of county government; and it has quasi-judicial power with regard to certain limited matters (like hearing appeals from the planning commission if one exists).
As for the day-to-day operations of the county government, they are sometimes overseen by a county manager or chief administrative officer who reports to the board, the mayor, or both.
In some states, the county technically has a plural executive in that several important officials are elected separately from the board of commissioners or supervisors (implying they cannot be fired by the board). This can create tension if such officials then disagree on how to best carry out their respective functions.
[edit] Scope of power
The power of county governments varies widely from state to state, as does the relationship between counties and incorporated cities. The government of the county usually resides in a municipality called the county seat. However, some counties may have multiple seats or no seat.
[edit] Minimal scope
In New England, counties function at most as judicial court districts and sheriff's departments (in Connecticut only as judicial court districts and in Rhode Island, they have lost both those functions) and most government power below the state level is in the hands of towns and cities. In several of Maine's sparsely populated counties, small towns rely on the county for law enforcement, and in New Hampshire several social programs are administered at the state level. In some New England states, such as Connecticut, parts of Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, counties are only geographic designations and do not have any governmental powers. All government is either done at the state level or at the municipal (town or city) level. In Connecticut, 15 regional councils have been established to partially fill the void left behind when the state abolished its eight county governments in 1960. Connecticut's regional councils do not conform to the old county lines, rather they are composed of towns that share the same geographic region and have similar demographics. The regional councils' authority is much more limited compared with a county government: the regional councils have no taxing authority or authority to issue permits; the aforementioned powers are delegated to the town governments. Regional councils do however have authority over infrastructure and land use planning, distribution of state and federal funds for infrastructure projects, emergency preparedness, and limited law enforcement.
[edit] Moderate scope
Outside New England, counties typically provide, at a minimum, public utilities, libraries, hospitals, public health services, parks, roads, law enforcement, and jails. There is usually a county registrar, recorder, or clerk (the title varies) who collects vital statistics, holds elections (sometimes in coordination with a separate elections office or commission), and prepares or processes certificates of births, deaths, marriages, and dissolutions (divorce decrees). Other key county officials include the coroner/medical examiner, treasurer, assessor, auditor, controller, and district attorney.
In most states, the county sheriff is the principal law enforcement officer in the county.
In most western states, the county controls all unincorporated land within its boundaries. In states with a township tier, unincorporated land is controlled by the township. Residents of unincorporated land who are dissatisfied with county-level or township-level resource allocation decisions can incorporate as a city or village.
A few counties provide public transportation themselves; this usually comes in the form of a simple bus system. However, in most counties, public transportation is provided by one of the following: a special district that is coterminous with the county, a multi-county regional transit authority, or a state agency.
[edit] Broad scope
In some states, more populated counties provide many facilities, such as airports, convention centers, museums, beaches, harbors, zoos, clinics, law libraries, and public housing. They provide services such as child and family services, elder services, mental health services, welfare services, veterans assistance services, animal control, probation supervision, historic preservation, food safety regulation, and environmental health services. They have many additional officials like public defenders, arts commissioners, human rights commissioners, and planning commissioners. Finally, there may also be a county fire department (as distinguished from fire departments operated by individual cities, special districts, or the state government).
Maryland in particular vests its counties with broad powers, including police and educational responsibilities. Because of the large scope of services provided by Maryland's counties, there is little incentive for a populated place to incorporate and the vast majority of urban Marylanders other than those within Baltimore (which under Maryland law is itself a county-equivalent independent city) reside in unincorporated areas.
[edit] Statistics
At the 2000 U.S. Census, the median land area of the 3,077 U.S. counties was 622 sq mi (1,611 km²), which is only two-thirds of the median land area of a ceremonial county of England, and only a little more than a quarter of the median land area of a French département. However, this figure does not account for the differences among the United States counties themselves; counties in the western United States have a much larger mean land area than those in the eastern United States. For example, the median land area of counties in Georgia is 343 sq mi (888 km²), whereas in Utah it is 2,427 sq mi (6,286 km²).
The largest county equivalent by (total) area is Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, at 147,843 square miles (382,912 km²), while the largest county is San Bernardino County, California, at 20,105 square miles (52,071 km²). The smallest county equivalent is the independent city of Falls Church, Virginia, at 2.0 square miles (5 km²), while the smallest county is Kalawao County, Hawaii, at 13 square miles (34 km²). The smallest self-governing county is New York County, New York, at 22.96 square miles (59.47 km²).[1]
At the 2000 U.S. Census, only 16.7% of U.S. counties had more than 100,000 inhabitants. This reflects the essentially rural nature of U.S. counties, whose grid was designed in the 19th century, in a country still largely rural and only marginally affected by urbanization. Today, the vast majority of people in the United States are concentrated in a relatively small number of counties. The most populous county equivalent is Los Angeles County, California, with 10,226,506 inhabitants as of 2005, and the least populous county is Loving County, Texas, with 60 inhabitants as of 2005.
The most densely populated county (or county equivalent) is New York County, New York (coextensive with the Borough of Manhattan and consisting primarily of Manhattan island) with 66,940 people per square mile (25,846 per km², or 38.691 square meters per person) as of 2000, and the least densely populated county is Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska, with 0.0767 people per square mile (0.0296 per km², or 33.768 km² per person) as of 2000. The least densely populated county equivalent is Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, with 0.0449 per square mile (0.0173 per km², or 57.683 km² per person) as of 2000.
[edit] Number of county equivalents per state
Southern and Midwestern states generally tend to have more counties than Western or Northeastern states. Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island have abolished county governments in whole or in part, though the former county territories may be observed in the three states' state-level administrative districts.
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[edit] County equivalents
The term county equivalents includes three additional types of administrative divisions which are different from the type of county found in most states:
- Alaska census areas: Most of the land area of Alaska is not contained within any of Alaska's 16 boroughs. This vast area, larger than France and Germany combined, is officially referred to by the Alaska state government as the Unorganized Borough, and outside of other incorporated borough limits, has no independent "county" government, although several incorporated city governments exist within its boundaries; the majority of it is governed and run by the State of Alaska as an extension of State government.A[›] The United States Census Bureau, in cooperation with the Alaska state government for census and electoral districting purposes, has divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas for statistical purposes only.B[›]
- Independent cities: These are cities that legally belong to no county. As of 2004, there are 42 such cities in the United States: Baltimore, Maryland; Carson City, Nevada; St. Louis, Missouri; and all 39 cities in Virginia, where any municipality incorporated as a city (in contrast to town) is by law severed from any county that might otherwise have contained it.[4]
- Washington, D.C. has a special status. It is not part of any state; instead, in accordance with Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, the city is under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress.
[edit] Cities and counties
In general, cities occupy a smaller area than the county which contains them. However, there are some exceptions to this rule:
- A city and its containing county may be merged to form a consolidated city-county, which is considered both a city and a county under state law. Examples include Denver, Colorado, and San Francisco, California. Similarly, some of Alaska's boroughs have merged with their principal cities, creating unified city-boroughs. This has resulted in some of Alaska's cities ranking among the geographically largest cities in the world.
- A city may extend across county boundaries. Atlanta, Georgia; Columbus, Ohio; Kansas City, Missouri; Houston, Texas; Chicago, Illinois; and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, are examples. The city of Dallas, Texas, is in parts of five counties, while New York City contains within itself five counties, each of which is coextensive with one of the five boroughs of the city and they are Manhattan (New York County), The Bronx (Bronx County), Queens (Queens County), Brooklyn (Kings County) and Staten Island (Richmond County).
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
^ A: The Unorganized Borough, Alaska formed by the Borough Act of 1961 is a legal entity, run by the Alaska state government as an extension of State government,[5] it and the independently incorporated Unified, Home Rule, First Class and Second Class boroughs roughly correspond to parishes in Louisiana and to counties in the other 48 states.[6]
^ B: These 11 statistical areas are used solely by the United States Census Bureau to tabulate population and other census statistics within the Unorganized Borough; they have no legal basis in Alaska state or federal law other than for electoral representation and federal financial assistance purposes.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d "An Overview of County Government". National Association of Counties. Retrieved on 2007-08-17.
- ^ "How Many Counties are in Your State?". Click and Learn. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
- ^ Osborne M. Reynolds, Jr., Handbook of Local Government Law, 2nd ed. (St. Paul, MN: West Group, 2001), 26.
- ^ "County & County Equivalent Areas". United States Census Bureau (April 19, 2005). Retrieved on 2007-12-08.
- ^ "Alaska Statutes Title 29 Chapter 03. The Unorganized Borough" (HTML). Local Government On-Line, Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development (August 18, 1998). Retrieved on 2008-07-17.
- ^ "Local Government in Alaska" (PDF). Local Boundary Commission, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development (February 2001). Retrieved on 2008-07-17.
[edit] External links
- Geographic Areas Reference Manual by the United States Census Bureau
- National Association of Counties
- Cross-reference any State, County, City, ZIP Code in the U.S.
- U.S. County Formation Maps 1643-Present – Cumulative animated graphics.
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