List of national poets
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A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture. The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from the successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed Poet Laureate office.
Most national poets are historical figures, although a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national" poets. Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single national poet is always an act of simplification.
There follows a list of nations. Note that this is not a list of sovereign states or countries, although many of the nations listed may also be states or countries. The words nation (cultural), country (geographical) and state (political) are not synonymous.
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[edit] List of national poets
- Albania - Naim Frashëri
- Argentina - José Hernández[1]
- Austria - Peter Rosegger, Franz Grillparzer, Johann Nepomuk Nestroy
- Australia - Adam Lindsay Gordon, Henry Lawson, Dorothea Mackellar, A. B. "Banjo" Paterson
- Azerbaijan - Nizami Gandjavi
- Bangladesh - Kazi Nazrul Islam[2]
- Belarus - Yakub Kolas, Yanka Kupala
- Brazil - Gonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade.
- Bulgaria - Hristo Botev,[3] Ivan Vazov
- Czech Republic - Alois Jirásek, Jaroslav Hasek
- Chile - Pablo Neruda
- Dagestan - Rasul Gamzatov
- Denmark - Adam Oehlenschläger
- England - William Shakespeare
- Finland - Johan Ludvig Runeberg
- France - Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud
- Galicia - Rosalía de Castro
- Georgia - Shota Rustaveli
- Germany - Bettina von Arnim, Bertolt Brecht, Georg Büchner, Wilhelm Busch, Anette Freiin von Droste-Hülshoff, Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, Theodor Fontane, Hrotsvith von Gandersheim, Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, Günter Grass, the Brothers Grimm (Hans Grimm & Jacob Grimm), Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Wilhelm Hauff, Hartmann von Aue, Heinrich Heine, August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, E. T. A. Hoffmann, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Friedrich von Schiller, Theodor Storm, Walther von der Vogelweide
- Greece - Homer; Dionysios Solomos
- Guernsey - George Métivier
- Hungary - Sándor Petőfi
- India - Subramanya Bharathi, Rabindranath Tagore
- Iran - Ferdowsi, Hafez, Nezami, Saadi, Khayyam, Rumi, Naser Khosrow, Adib Boroumand
- Ireland - Thomas Moore, William Butler Yeats
- Israel - Hayyim Nahman Bialik
- Italy - Dante Alighieri
- Jews - Yehuda Halevi
- Lebanon - Gibran Khalil Gibran
- Luxembourg - Edmond de la Fontaine, known as 'Dicks'
- Malta - Dun Karm Psaila
- Moldova - Mihai Eminescu
- Nicaragua - Ruben Dario
- Ossetia - Kosta Xetagurov
- Pakistan - Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) known as the "Poet of the East"
- Palestine - Fadwa Toukan, (1917-2003) known as the poet of Palestine
- Panama - Ricardo Miró (1883-1940)[4]
- Philippines - Francisco Balagtas
- Poland - the Three Bards: Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński
- Portugal - Luís de Camões
- Quebec - Émile Nelligan, Gaston Miron, Octave Crémazie, Gilles Vigneault, Félix Leclerc
- Romania - Mihai Eminescu
- Russia - Alexander Pushkin,[5] Mikhail Lermontov, Fyodor Tyutchev
- Scotland - Robert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmid
- Slovakia - Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav
- Slovenia - France Prešeren
- South Africa - Mazisi Kunene, poet laureate
- Spain - Miguel de Cervantes
- Turkey - Mehmet Akif Ersoy
- Ukraine - Taras Shevchenko
- United States - Walt Whitman
- Venezuela - Rómulo Gallegos
- Vietnam - Nguyen Du
- Wales - Dylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym
[edit] Sobriquets
The French language has a number of sobriquets to denote the origin of various literary languages. Many of these writers may be considered as the bard of their nation, even if they were primarily dramatists or prose writers.
- Dutch language: langue de Vondel
- English language: langue de Shakespeare
- Esperanto language: langue de Zamenhof
- French language: langue de Molière or langue de Voltaire
- German language: langue de Goethe
- Greek language: langue de Homère
- Italian language: langue de Dante
- Latin language: langue de Cicéron
- Norman language: langue de Wace
- Polish language: langue de Adam Mickiewicz
- Portuguese language: langue de Luís de Camões
- Provençal language: langue de Mistral
- Russian language: langue de Tolstoï
- Spanish language: langue de Cervantès
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ James Woodall, Borges: A Life, Basic Books (1996). ISBN 0-465-04361-5. Relevant excerpt available on the New York Times web site, accessed 9 March 2007.
- ^ Aparna Chatterjee, Kaazi Nazrul Islam; The National Poet of Bangladesh : A Profile Study on The Literary Shelf, Boloji.com. Accessed 9 March 2007.
- ^ Hristo Botev’s birth anniversary, Radio Bulgaria History and Religion, posted January 6, 2007, updated on January 12, 2007, accessed 9 March 2007
- ^ Daniel Balderston, Mike (2004). Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900-2003. Routledge, 666. ISBN 0415306876.
- ^ Stephanie Sandler, Commemorating Pushkin: Russia's Myth of a National Poet, Stanford University Press (2004) ISBN 0804734488
