Western European Summer Time
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| blue | Western European Time (UTC+0) Western European Summer Time (UTC+1) |
| red | Central European Time (UTC+1) Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) |
| yellow | Eastern European Time (UTC+2) Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3) |
| green | Moscow Time (UTC+3) Moscow Summer Time (UTC+4) |
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Western European Summer Time (WEST) is a summer daylight saving time scheme, 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in the following places:
- the Canary Islands
- the Faroe Islands
- the Republic of Ireland
- the Crown dependencies
- the Madeira islands
- Continental Portugal
- the United Kingdom
Western European Summer Time is also known by other names:
- British Summer Time (BST) in the United Kingdom.
- Irish Standard Time (IST)[1] (Am Caighdeánach na hÉireann (ACÉ)[2]) in Ireland. Also sometimes erroneously referred to as Irish Summer Time (Am Samhraidh na hÉireann).
The scheme runs from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October each year. At both the start and end of the schemes, clock changes take place at 01:00 UTC. During the winter, Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) is used.
The start and end dates of the scheme are somewhat asymmetrical in terms of daylight hours: the vernal time of year with a similar amount of daylight to late October is mid-February, well before the start of summer time. The asymmetry reflects temperature more than the length of daylight.
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[edit] Usage
The following countries and territories use Western European Summer Time during the summer, between 1:00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1:00 UTC on the last Sunday of October.
- Canary Islands, regularly since 1980 (rest of Spain is CEST, i.e. UTC+2)
- Faroe Islands, regularly since 1981
- The Republic of Ireland
- 1916–1939 summers IST
- 1940–1946 all year IST
- 1947–1968 summers IST
- 1968–1971 all year IST
- 1972— summers IST
- Portugal
- The United Kingdom
- 1916–1939 summers BST
- 1940–1945 all year BST (1941–1945 summers BDST=BST+1)
- 1946 summer BST
- 1947 summer BST (1947 summer BDST=BST+1)
- 1948–1968 summers BST
- 1968–1971 all year BST
- 1972— summers BST
[edit] Republic of Ireland
The Standard Time Act 1968 [3] stipulated that standard time is GMT+1 (CET) and from 1968 clocks were not turned back one hour during winter. The subsequent Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 [4] effectively reversed this, and from 1971 returned winter time to Greenwich Mean Time, it did not however change the names of the Irish summer time zone, which are still, officially, Irish Standard Time (IST) and Am Caighdeánach na hÉireann (ACÉ).
[edit] Portugal
Portugal moved to Central European Time and Central European Summer Time in 1992, but reverted to Western European Time in 1996 after concluding that energy savings were small, it had a disturbing effect on children's sleeping habits as it would not get dark until 22:00 or 22:30 in summer evenings with repercussions on standards of learning and school performance, and insurance companies reported a rise in the number of accidents.[5]
[edit] United Kingdom
Starting in 1916, the dates for the beginning and end of BST each year were mandated by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In February 2002, the Summer Time Order 2002[6] permanently changed the dates and times to match European rules for moving to and from daylight saving time. The European compromise was closer to previous British practice than to the practice elsewhere in Europe.
Occasional debate breaks out over the validity of BST, due to Britain's latitudinal length. In 2004, an interesting contribution was made by English MP Nigel Beard, who tabled a Private Member's Bill in the House of Commons proposing that England and Wales should be able to determine their own time independently of Scotland and Northern Ireland. If it had been passed into law, this bill would potentially have seen the United Kingdom with two different timezones for the first time since the abolition of Dublin Mean Time (25 minutes behind Greenwich) on August 23, 1916.
During World War II, Britain retained the hour's advance on GMT at the start of the winter of 1940 and continued to advance the clocks by an extra hour during the summers until July 1945. During these summers Britain was thus 2 hours ahead of GMT and operating on British Double Summer Time (BDST). The clocks were reverted to GMT at the end of the summer of 1945. In 1947 the clocks were advanced by one hour twice during the spring and put back twice during the autumn so that Britain was on BDST during the height of the summer.
Safety campaigners, including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA), have made recommendations that British Summer Time be maintained during the winter months, and that a "double summertime" be applied to the current British Summer Time period, putting the UK two hours ahead of GMT during summer. RoSPA suggest this would reduce the number of accidents over this period as a result of the lighter evenings, as was demonstrated when the British Standard Time scheme was trialled between 1968 and 1971, when Britain remained on GMT+1 all year. Analysis of accident data during the experiment indicated that while there had been an increase in casualties in the morning, there had been a substantially greater decrease in casualties in the evening, with a total of around 2,500 fewer people killed and seriously injured during the first two winters of the experiment. RoSPA have called for the two year trial to be repeated with modern evaluation methods. The proposal is opposed by farmers and other outdoor workers, and many residents of Scotland and Northern Ireland, as it would mean that, in northern Britain and Northern Ireland, the winter sunrise would not occur until 10:00 or even later.
In 2005, Lord Tanlaw introduced the Lighter Evenings (Experiment) Bill[7] into the House of Lords, which would advance winter and summer time by one hour for a three-year trial period at the discretion of "devolved bodies", allowing Scotland and Northern Ireland the option not to take part. The proposal was rejected by the government. The bill received its second reading on 24 March 2006; it is unlikely to pass as it is not supported by the Government. [8]
The Local Government Association has called for a three-year trial of the Single/Double Summer Time (SDST).[9]
Some small grass-roots movements exist for the abolition of BST entirely, favouring GMT all year round. They typically state a lack of practical gains from the adjustment of time, mooting instead that changing of school and/or business hours would affect the same change without disrupting a scientific standard.
[edit] Start and end dates of British Summer Time and Irish Standard Time
| Summer | Begins (GMT) | Ends (GMT) | UK Notes | Ireland Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Sun 27 March 01:00 | Sun 30 October 01:00 | ||
| 2010 | Sun 28 March 01:00 | Sun 31 October 01:00 | ||
| 2009 | Sun 29 March 01:00 | Sun 25 October 01:00 | ||
| 2008 | Sun 30 March 01:00 | Sun 26 October 01:00 | ||
| 2007 | Sun 25 March 01:00 | Sun 28 October 01:00 | ||
| 2006 | Sun 26 March 01:00 | Sun 29 October 01:00 | ||
| 2005 | Sun 27 March 01:00 | Sun 30 October 01:00 | ||
| 2004 | Sun 28 March 01:00 | Sun 31 October 01:00 | ||
| 2003 | Sun 30 March 01:00 | Sun 26 October 01:00 | ||
| 2002 | Sun 31 March 01:00 | Sun 27 October 01:00 | EU adopts UK practice[10] [11] | EU adopts Ireland Practice [12] [13] |
| 2001 | Sun 25 March 01:00 | Sun 28 October 01:00 | ||
| 2000 | Sun 26 March 01:00 | Sun 29 October 01:00 | ||
| 1999 | Sun 28 March 01:00 | Sun 31 October 01:00 | ||
| 1998 | Sun 29 March 01:00 | Sun 25 October 01:00 | ||
| 1997 | Sun 30 March 01:00 | Sun 26 October 01:00 | ||
| 1996 | Sun 31 March 01:00 | Sun 27 October 01:00 | ||
| 1995 | Sun 26 March 01:00 | Sun 22 October 01:00 | ||
| 1994 | Sun 27 March 01:00 | Sun 23 October 01:00 | ||
| 1993 | Sun 28 March 01:00 | Sun 24 October 01:00 | ||
| 1992 | Sun 29 March 01:00 | Sun 25 October 01:00 | ||
| 1991 | Sun 31 March 01:00 | Sun 27 October 01:00 | ||
| 1990 | Sun 25 March 01:00 | Sun 28 October 01:00 | ||
| 1989 | Sun 26 March 01:00 | Sun 29 October 01:00 | ||
| 1988 | Sun 27 March 01:00 | Sun 23 October 01:00 | ||
| 1987 | Sun 29 March 01:00 | Sun 25 October 01:00 | ||
| 1986 | Sun 30 March 01:00 | Sun 26 October 01:00 | ||
| 1985 | Sun 31 March 01:00 | Sun 27 October 01:00 | ||
| 1984 | Sun 25 March 01:00 | Sun 28 October 01:00 | ||
| 1983 | Sun 27 March 01:00 | Sun 23 October 01:00 | ||
| 1982 | Sun 28 March 01:00 | Sun 24 October 01:00 | ||
| 1981 | Sun 29 March 01:00 | Sun 25 October 01:00 | ||
| 1980 | Sun 16 March 02:00 | Sun 26 October 02:00 | ||
| 1979 | Sun 18 March 02:00 | Sun 28 October 02:00 | ||
| 1978 | Sun 19 March 02:00 | Sun 29 October 02:00 | ||
| 1977 | Sun 20 March 02:00 | Sun 23 October 02:00 | ||
| 1976 | Sun 21 March 02:00 | Sun 24 October 02:00 | ||
| 1975 | Sun 16 March 02:00 | Sun 26 October 02:00 | ||
| 1974 | Sun 17 March 02:00 | Sun 27 October 02:00 | ||
| 1973 | Sun 18 March 02:00 | Sun 28 October 02:00 | ||
| 1972 | Sun 19 March 02:00 | Sun 29 October 02:00 | ||
| 1971 | Sun 31 October 02:00 | BST all year ends | IST all year ends | |
| 1970 | BST all year | IST all year | ||
| 1969 | BST all year | IST all year | ||
| 1968 | Sun 18 February 01:00 | BST all year begins | IST all year begins | |
| 1967 | Sun 19 March 02:00 | Sun 29 October 02:00 | ||
| 1966 | Sun 20 March 02:00 | Sun 23 October 02:00 | ||
| 1965 | Sun 21 March 02:00 | Sun 24 October 02:00 | ||
| 1964 | Sun 22 March 02:00 | Sun 25 October 02:00 | ||
| 1963 | Sun 31 March 02:00 | Sun 27 October 02:00 | ||
| 1962 | Sun 25 March 02:00 | Sun 28 October 02:00 | ||
| 1961 | Sun 26 March 02:00 | Sun 29 October 02:00 | ||
| 1960 | Sun 10 April 02:00 | Sun 2 October 02:00 | ||
| 1959 | Sun 12 April 02:00 | Sun 4 October 02:00 | ||
| 1958 | Sun 20 April 02:00 | Sun 5 October 02:00 | ||
| 1957 | Sun 14 April 02:00 | Sun 6 October 02:00 | ||
| 1956 | Sun 22 April 02:00 | Sun 7 October 02:00 | ||
| 1955 | Sun 17 April 02:00 | Sun 2 October 02:00 | ||
| 1954 | Sun 11 April 02:00 | Sun 3 October 02:00 | ||
| 1953 | Sun 19 April 02:00 | Sun 4 October 02:00 | ||
| 1952 | Sun 20 April 02:00 | Sun 26 October 02:00 | ||
| 1951 | Sun 15 April 02:00 | Sun 21 October 02:00 | ||
| 1950 | Sun 16 April 02:00 | Sun 29 October 02:00 | ||
| 1949 | Sun 3 April 02:00 | Sun 30 October 02:00 | ||
| 1948 | Sun 14 March 02:00 | Sun 31 October 02:00 | ||
| 1947 | Sun 2 November 02:00 | Back to GMT | Back to GMT | |
| 1947 | Sun 13 April 02:00 | Sun 10 August 02:00 | BDST (2 hours ahead) | IST / no DST |
| 1947 | Sun 16 March 02:00 | BST begins | IST begins | |
| 1946 | Sun 14 April 02:00 | Sun 6 October 02:00 | Back to GMT (Oct) | Back to GMT (Oct) |
| 1945 | Sun 7 October 02:00 | Back to GMT | IST | |
| 1945 | Mon 2 April 01:00 | Sun 15 July 01:00 | BDST (2 hours ahead) | IST / no DST |
| 1944 | Sun 2 April 01:00 | Sun 17 September 01:00 | BDST (2 hours ahead) | IST / no DST |
| 1943 | Sun 4 April 01:00 | Sun 15 August 01:00 | BDST (2 hours ahead) | IST / no DST |
| 1942 | Sun 5 April 01:00 | Sun 9 August 01:00 | BDST (2 hours ahead) | IST / no DST |
| 1941 | Sun 4 May 01:00 | Sun 10 August 01:00 | BDST (2 hours ahead) | IST / no DST |
| 1940 | Sun 25 February 02:00 | BST 1940–1945 | IST 1940–1946 | |
| 1939 | Sun 16 April 02:00 | Sun 19 November 02:00 | ||
| 1938 | Sun 10 April 02:00 | Sun 2 October 02:00 | ||
| 1937 | Sun 18 April 02:00 | Sun 3 October 02:00 | ||
| 1936 | Sun 19 April 02:00 | Sun 4 October 02:00 | ||
| 1935 | Sun 14 April 02:00 | Sun 6 October 02:00 | ||
| 1934 | Sun 22 April 02:00 | Sun 7 October 02:00 | ||
| 1933 | Sun 9 April 02:00 | Sun 8 October 02:00 | ||
| 1932 | Sun 17 April 02:00 | Sun 2 October 02:00 | ||
| 1930 | Sun 13 April 02:00 | Sun 5 October 02:00 | ||
| 1929 | Sun 21 April 02:00 | Sun 6 October 02:00 | ||
| 1928 | Sun 22 April 02:00 | Sun 7 October 02:00 | ||
| 1927 | Sun 10 April 02:00 | Sun 2 October 02:00 | ||
| 1926 | Sun 18 April 02:00 | Sun 3 October 02:00 | ||
| 1925 | Sun 19 April 02:00 | Sun 4 October 02:00 | ||
| 1924 | Sun 13 April 02:00 | Sun 21 September 02:00 | ||
| 1923 | Sun 22 April 02:00 | Sun 16 September 02:00 | ||
| 1922 | Sun 26 March 02:00 | Sun 8 October 02:00 | ||
| 1921 | Sun 3 April 02:00 | Sun 3 October 02:00 | ||
| 1920 | Sun 28 March 02:00 | Sun 25 October 02:00 | ||
| 1919 | Sun 30 March 02:00 | Sun 29 September 02:00 | ||
| 1918 | Sun 24 March 02:00 | Sun 30 September 02:00 | ||
| 1917 | Sun 8 April 02:00 | Sun 17 September 02:00 | ||
| 1916 | Sun 21 May 02:00 | Sun 1 October 02:00 | Abolition of DMT |
Note: Until 1 October 1916 time in all of Ireland was based on Dublin Mean Time which was GMT − 25 minutes.
[edit] References
- ^ "STANDARD TIME ACT, 1968".
- ^ "AN tACHT UM AM CAIGHDEÁNACH, 1968".
- ^ "Irish Standard Time Act, 1968".
- ^ "Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971".
- ^ "Lighter Evenings (Experiment) Bill [HL]".
- ^ "Statutory Instrument 2002 No. 262—The Summer Time Order 2002".
- ^ http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldbills/048/2006048.htm
- ^ "Lighter Evenings (Experiment) Bill".
- ^ "Clock change 'would save lives'". BBC News (2006-10-28).
- ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
- ^ http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/20020262.htm
- ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
- ^ http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZSI506Y2001.html
[edit] Further reading
- Prerau, David. Saving the Daylight: Why We Put the Clocks Forward (ISBN 1-86207-796-7) — The Story of Summer Time/Daylight Saving Time with a focus on the UK
[edit] External links
- A Brief History of BST/DST
- History of legal time in Britain
- BBC news report: Safety call as clocks go back.
- RoSPA Press Release: RoSPA calls for switch to lighter nights to save lives
- BST FAQ
- Official British Government site listing Summer time dates for 2006–2011 inclusive (Updated March 2008)
- Dates when BST began and ended
- UNIX 'zoneinfo' file for Europe: as well as including a full set of dates for all European countries, it includes many comments on the history of DST in those countries.
