Die Fledermaus
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| Operettas by Johann Strauss II |
|---|
Indigo und die vierzig Räuber (1871) |
Die Fledermaus (The Bat; in French: La chauve-souris) is an operetta composed by Johann Strauss II to a German libretto by Carl Haffner and Richard Genée.
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[edit] Literary sources
The original source for Die Fledermaus is a farce by German playwright Julius Roderich Benedix (1811–1873), Das Gefängnis (The Prison). Another source is a French vaudeville play, Le réveillon, by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy. This was first translated by Carl Haffner into a non-musical play to be produced in Vienna. However, the peculiarly French custom of the réveillon (a midnight supper party) caused problems, which were solved by the decision to adapt the play as a libretto for Johann Strauss, with the réveillon replaced by a Viennese ball. At this point Haffner's translation was handed over for adaptation to Richard Genée, who subsequently claimed not only that he had made a fresh translation from scratch but that he had never even met Haffner.
[edit] Performance history
The operetta premièred on April 5, 1874 at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, Austria and has been part of the regular operetta repertoire ever since. It currently appears as number 19 on Opera America's list of the 20 most-performed operatic works in North America.[1]
[edit] Roles
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, April 5, 1874 (Conductor: —) |
|---|---|---|
| Baron von Eisenstein | tenor | Jani Szika |
| Rosalinde, Eisenstein's wife | soprano | Marie Geistinger |
| Adele, Rosalinde's maid | soprano | Caroline Charles-Hirsch |
| Ida, Adele's sister | soprano | |
| Alfred, a singer teacher and Rosalinde's admirer | tenor | |
| Dr Falke, the Baron's friend | baritone | Ferdinand Lebrecht |
| Blind, the Baron's attorney | tenor | |
| Frank, the prison warden | baritone | |
| Prince Orlofsky | mezzo-soprano | Irma Nittinger |
| Frosch, the jailer | speaking role | |
| Party goers at Prince Orlofsky's (chorus) | ||
[edit] Synopsis
[edit] Act 1
Eisenstein's apartment
Baron von Eisenstein has been sentenced to eight days in prison for insulting an official, partially due to the incompetence of his attorney, Dr. Blind. Adèle, Eisenstein's maid, receives a letter from her sister, who is in the company of the ballet, inviting her to Prince Orlofsky's ball. She pretends the letter says that her aunt is very sick, and asks for a leave of absence ("My sister Ida writes to me"). Falke, the Baron's friend, arrives to invite him to the ball (Duet: "Come with me to the souper"). Eisenstein bids farewell to Adèle and his wife Rosalinde, pretending he is going to prison (Terzett: "Oh dear, oh dear, how sorry I am") but really intending to postpone jail for one day and have fun at the ball.
After Eisenstein leaves, Rosalinde is visited by a former admirer, the singing teacher Alfred, who serenades her ("Dove that has escaped"). (Why she lets a man not her husband into her boudoir is never explained.) Frank, the governor of the prison, arrives to take Eisenstein to jail, and finds Alfred instead. In order not to compromise Rosalinde, Alfred agrees to pretend to be Eisenstein and to accompany Frank. (Finale, drinking song: "Happy is he who forgets" followed by Rosalinde’s defence when Frank arrives: "In tête-à-tête with me so late," and Frank’s invitation: "My beautiful, large bird-cage.")
[edit] Act 2
A summer house in the Villa Orlovsky
It turns out that Falke, with Prince Orlofsky's permission, is orchestrating the ball as a way of getting revenge on Eisenstein. The previous winter, Eisenstein had abandoned a drunken Falke dressed as a bat (and thus explaining the opera's title) in the center of town, exposing him to ridicule the next day. As part of his scheme, Falke has invited Frank, Adèle, and Rosalinde to the ball as well. Rosalinde pretends to be a Hungarian countess, Eisenstein goes by the name "Marquis Renard," Frank is "Chevalier Chagrin," and Adèle pretends she is an actress.
The ball is in progress (Chorus: "A souper is before us") and the Prince welcomes his guests ("I love to invite my friends"). Eisenstein is introduced to Adèle, but is confused as to who she really is because of her striking resemblance to his maid. ("My lord marquis," sometimes referred to as "Adèle's Laughing Song").
Then Falke introduces the disguised Rosalinde to Eisenstein (Czardas: "Sounds from home"). During an amorous tête-à-tête, she succeeds in extracting a valuable watch from her husband's pocket, something which she can use in the future as evidence of his impropriety. (Watch duet: "My eyes will soon be dim"). In a rousing finale, the company celebrates (The Drinking song: "In the fire stream of the grape"; followed by the canon: "Brothers, brothers and sisters"; and the ballet and waltz finale, "Ha, what joy, what a night of delight.")
[edit] Act 3
In the prison offices of Governor Frank
The next morning they all find themselves at the prison where the confusion increases and is compounded by the jailer, Frosch, who has profited by the absence of the prison director to become gloriously drunk.
Adèle arrives to obtain the assistance of the Chevalier Chagrin (Melodrama; Couplet of Adèle: "If I play the innocent peasant maid") while Alfred wants nothing more than to get out of jail. Knowing of Eisenstein's trickery, Rosalinde wants to begin an action for divorce, and Frank is still intoxicated.
Frosch locks up Adèle and her sister Ida, and the height of the tumult arrives when Falke appears with all the guests of the ball and declares the whole thing is an act of vengeance for the "Fledermaus". (Terzett between Rosalinde, Eisenstein, Alfred: "A strange adventure"). Everything is amicably arranged (with Eisenstein blaming the intoxicating effects of champagne for his act of infidelity and Orlofsky volunteering to support Adèle's artistic career), but Eisenstein is compelled to serve his full term in jail (Finale, "Oh bat, oh bat, at last let thy victim escape").
[edit] Selected recordings
[edit] Film adaptations
Die Fledermaus has been adapted numerous times for the cinema and for TV:
| Year | Country | Notes | Director | Eisenstein | Rosalinde | Adele | Orlofsky | Frosch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1917 | Ger | as Das Fidele Gefängnis (The Merry Jail) Silent movie | Ernst Lubitsch | Harry Liedtke (Alex von Reizenstein) | Kitty Dewall (Alice, his wife) | Agda Nielson (Mizi, the maid) | Emil Jannings (Quabbe, the jailer) | |
| 1923 | Ger | Silent movie | Max Mack | Harry Liedtke | Eva May | Lya De Putti | -?- | -?- |
| 1931 | Fr/Ger | Carl Lamac | -?- | -?- | -?- | -?- | -?- | |
| 1933 | GB | Waltz Time — new title | Wilhelm Thiele | Fritz Schulz | Evelyn Laye | Gina Malo | George Baker | Jay Laurier |
| 1937 | Ger | Paul Verhoeven | -?- | -?- | -?- | -?- | -?- | |
| 1945 | Ger | Released 1946 | Géza von Bolváry | Johannes Heesters | Marte Harell | Dorit Kreysler | Siegfried Breuer | Josef Egger |
| 1955 | GB | Oh... Rosalinda!! - new title |
Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger | Michael Redgrave | Ludmilla Tchérina | Anneliese Rothenberger | Anthony Quayle | Oskar Sima |
| 1955 | E Ger | Rauschende Melodien — new title | E. W. Fiedler | Erich Arnold | Jarmila Ksirová | Sonja Schöner | Gerd Frickhöffer | Josef Egger |
| 1959 | W Ger | TV adaptation | Kurt Wilhelm | Friedrich Schoenfelder | -?- | -?- | -?- | -?- |
| 1962 | Aus | Géza von Cziffra | Peter Alexander | Marianne Koch | Marika Rökk | Boy Gobert | Hans Moser | |
| 1968 | Den | Flagermusen — new title | John Price | Poul Reichhardt | Birgitte Bruun | Ellen Winther | Susse Wold | Buster Larsen |
| 1972 | W Ger | Otto Schenk | Eberhard Wächter | Gundula Janowitz | Renate Holm | Wolfgang Windgassen | Otto Schenk | |
| 1979 | USSR | Летучая Мышь — new title | Yan Frid | Yuri Solomin | Lyudmila Maksakova | Larisa Udovichenko | Yuri Vasilyev | Ivan Lyubeznov |
| 1984 | GB | TV adaptation | Humphrey Burton | Hermann Prey | Kiri Te Kanawa | Hildegard Heichele | Doris Soffel | Josef Meinrad |
| 1986 | W Ger | Otto Schenk | Eberhard Wächter | Pamela Coburn | Janet Perry | Brigitte Fassbaender | Franz Muxeneder | |
| 1990 | GB | Humphrey Burton | Louis Otey | Nancy Gustafson | Judith Howarth | Jochen Kowalski | John Sessions | |
| 1997 | Aust | Lindy Hume | Anthony Warlow | Gillian Sullivan | Amelia Farrugia | Suzanne Johnston | Geoff Kelso | |
| 2001 | Fr | La chauve-souris — new title | Don Kent | Christoph Homberger | Mireille Delunsch | Malin Hartelius | David Moss | Elisabeth Trissenaar |
