Free content
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Free content, or free information, is any kind of functional work, artwork, or other creative content having no significant legal restriction relative to people's freedom to use, redistribute, and produce modified versions of and works derived from the content.[1] It is distinct from Open content in that it can be modified, whereas one might not have that ability with content that is simply "open", and not "free".
Free content encompasses all works in the public domain and also those copyrighted works whose licenses honor and uphold the freedoms mentioned above. Because the law by default grants copyright holders monopolistic control over their creations, copyrighted content must be explicitly declared free, usually by the referencing or inclusion of licensing statements from within the work.
Though a work which is in the public domain because its copyright has expired is considered free, it can easily become non-free again with all its derivatives becoming non-free or illegal, if the copyright law changes.[2]
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Copyright
Traditional Copyright
Traditionally, copyright is a legal concept, which grants the author or creator of a work, legal rights to control the distribution and display of their work, in many jurisdicitons this is limited by a time period after which the works then enter the public domain. During the time period of copyright the author's work may only be distributed, displayed or modified with the consent of the author, usually via a copyright licence.
From the perspective of free content, traditional usages of copyright is limiting in several ways. It limits the distribution of the work of the author to those who can, or are willing to, afford the payment of royalties to the author for usage of the authors content. Secondly it creates a perceived barrier between authors, which limits modification of the work, such as in the form of mashups and collaborative content.
Public Domain
The public domain is a range of abstract materials – commonly referred to as intellectual property – which are not owned or controlled by anyone. A public domain work is a work whose author has either relinquished, or no longer can claim control over the distribution and usage of the work. As such any person may manipulate, distribute or otherwise utilise the work, without legal ramifications. A work released as public domain by its author is free and copycenter.[3]
Copyleft
Copyleft is a play on the word copyright and describes the practice of using copyright law to remove restrictions on distributing copies and modified versions of a work. The aim of copyleft is to use the legal framework of copyright to enable non-author parties to be able to reuse and, in many licencing schemes, modify content that is created by an author. Unlike public domain work, the author still maintains copyright over the material, however the author has granted a non-exclusive licence to any person to distribute, and often modify, the work. Some copyleft licenses require that any derivative works be distributed under the same terms, and that the original copyright notices be maintained.
Unlike the copyright symbol, the copyleft symbol does not carry any legal connotations.
Examples
Copyleft work has traditionally been associated with free, open source software, such as software distributed by the GNU project. However more recently, open access work, such as the Public Library of Science, has brought copyleft to academic, and other disciplines[vague].
Criticism
Copyleft licenses are sometimes referred to as viral copyright licenses, because any works derived from a copyleft work must themselves be copyleft when distributed.
References
- ^ Richard Stallman (2008-03-20). "Free Software and Free Manuals". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-08-08.
- ^ Nate Anderson (2008-07-16). "EU caves to aging rockers, wants 45-year copyright extension if the copyright law changes.". Ars Technica. Retrieved on 2008-08-08.
- ^ Eric S. Raymond. "Copycenter". The Jargon File. Retrieved on 2008-08-09.
See also
- Creative Commons
- Free Culture Movement
- Free software and open source software
- Freedom of information
- Libre knowledge
- Open access
- Open content
- Open Content Alliance
- Open publishing
- Project Gutenberg
External links
- Open Knowledge Definition – project under the aegis of the Open Knowledge Foundation which provides a definition of 'open' suitable for content and data.
- Definition of Free Cultural Works – a definition of "free content" or "free cultural works" similar to the free software definition
