Alexander Suvorov
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Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Суво́ров) (sometimes transliterated as Aleksandr, Aleksander and Suvarov), Count Suvorov of Rymnik, Prince of Italy, Count of Holy Roman Empire (граф Рымникский, князь Италийский) (November 24, 1729 – May 18, 1800), was the fourth and last generalissimus of Russian Empire. One of the few great generals in history who never lost a battle, he was famed for his manual The Science of Victory and noted for the sayings "Train hard, fight easy", "The bullet is a fool, the bayonet is a fine chap", "Perish yourself but rescue your comrade!". He taught his soldiers to attack instantly and decisively: 'attack with the cold steel - push hard with the bayonet!' His soldiers adored him. He joked with the men, called the common soldiers 'brother', and shrewdly presented the results of detailed planning and careful strategy as the work of inspiration.[1]
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[edit] Early life and career
Suvorov was born into a noble family of Novgorod descent at the Moscow mansion of his maternal grandfather Fedosey Manukov (a landowner from Oryol gubernia and an official of Peter I). Suvorov also had distant Armenian blood which came from his grandparents.
Suvorov entered the army circa 1740 as a boy, served against the Swedes during the war in Finland and against the Prussians during the Seven Years' War (1756 - 1763).
In 1761 he became a freemason in Saint Petersburg's Des Trois Etoiles lodge.He must have known then some of the earliest Russian Freemasons, such as Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Shcherbatov, (1733 - 1790), initiated at the Semionovskii Regiment within a list of 33 submitted in 1756 to Russian Empress Elizabeth.
It is well known that Freemasons of different allegiances spread soon in Russia through the influence of British and Prussian Army Commanders and that a few of the lodges came under the jurisdiction of Ivan Yelagin, Ivan Elagin, (1725-94), who became Provincial Grand Master of the Russian Empire under a warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England in 1772.
Yelagin Island is today a nicely restored museum in Saint Petersbourg who became around 1816 the residence of the German - Russian Lady known in Russia as Maria Feodorovna,Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg, (Russian: Мари́я Фёдоровна, 25 October 1759 – 5 November 1828), the second wife of Catherine II and Peter III son, the assasinated Tsar Paul I of Russia , (Russian: Па́вел I Петро́вич; Pavel Petrovich) (October 1 [O.S. September 20] 1754 – March 23 [O.S. March 11] 1801), Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801, and therefore the mother of Tsar Alexander I and Tsar Nicholas I of Russia.
He must have known also as Freemason there, Scots Jacobite at the service of Spain, Prussia and Russia, James Francis Edward Keith, (June 11, 1696 – October 14, 1758), as well as writer Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov; (Russian: Никола́й Ива́нович Новико́в) (8 May [O.S. 27 April] 1744 - 12 August [O.S. 31 July] 1818).
After repeatedly distinguishing himself Suvarov or Suvorov in battle he became a colonel in 1762, aged around 33.
Suvorov next served in Poland during the Confederation of Bar, dispersed the Polish forces under Pułaski, captured Kraków (1768) paving the way for the first partition of Poland between Austria, Prussia and Russia, [2] and reached the rank of major-general.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 saw his first campaigns against the Turks in 1773–1774, and particularly in the battle of Kozluca, he laid the foundations of his reputation.
In 1775, Suvorov was dispatched to suppress the rebellion of Pugachev, who claimed to be the assasinated Tsar Peter III, but arrived at the scene only in time to conduct the first interrogation of the rebel leader, who had been betrayed by his fellow Cossacks and was eventually beheaded in Moscow.
[edit] Actions and Battles against the Poles and the Turks
From 1777 to 1783 Suvorov served in the Crimea and in the Caucasus, becoming a lieutenant-general in 1780, and general of infantry in 1783, upon completion of his tour of duty there.
The last Crimean Khanate appears to be leaded and protected by the Russians from 1777 till 1782 by Şahin Giray, first reign, during 1782 by Bahadır II Giray, and from 1782 to 1783 again by Şahin Giray, second reign, whereby he was beheaded by the Ottoman Turks in the Island of Rhodas.
From 1787 to 1791 he again fought the Turks during the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 and won many victories; he was wounded twice at Kinburn (1787), took part in the siege of Ochakov, and in 1788 won two great victories at Focşani and by the river Rimnik.
In both these battles an Austrian corps under Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg participated, but at the at Rimnik Suvorov was in command of the whole allied forces.
For the latter victory, Catherine the Great made Suvorov a count with the name "Rimniksky" in addition to his own name, and the Emperor Joseph II made him a count of the Holy Roman Empire.
On 22 December 1790 Suvorov successfully stormed the reputedly impenetrable fortress of Ismail in Bessarabia. Turkish forces inside the fortress had the orders to stand their ground to the end and haughtily declined the Russian ultimatum. Their defeat was seen as a major catastrophe in the Ottoman empire, but in Russia it was glorified in the first national anthem, Let the thunder of victory sound!
Suvorov announced the capture of Ismail in 1791 to the Tsarina Catherine in a doggerel couplet, after the assault had been pressed from house to house, room to room, and nearly every Muslim man, woman, and child in the city had been killed in three days of uncontrolled massacre, 40,000 Turks dead, a few hundred taken into captivity. For all his bluffness, Suvorov later told an English traveller that when the massacre was over he went back to his tent and wept.[3]
Immediately after the peace with the Ottoman Empire was signed, Suvorov was again transferred to Poland, where he assumed the command of one of the corps and took part in the Battle of Maciejowice, in which he captured the Polish commander-in-chief Tadeusz Kościuszko. On November 4, 1794, Suvorov's forces stormed Warsaw and captured Praga, one of its boroughs. The massacre of approximately 20,000 civilians in Praga[4] broke the spirits of the defenders and soon put an end to the Kościuszko Uprising. According to some sources [5] the massacre being the deed of Cossacks who were semi-independent and were not directly subordinated to Suvorov. The Russian general was supposedly trying to stop the massacre and even went as far as to order the destruction of the bridge to Warsaw over the Vistula river [6] with the purpose of preventing the spread of violence to Warsaw from its suburb. Other historians dispute this[7], but most sources make no reference to Suvorov either purposely encouraging or attempting to prevent the massacre.[8]. Suvorov nonetheless allowed his troops to loot the city for a much longer period than was usually accepted, which might have been seen by some, particularly the unruly Cossacks, as green light to do whatever they wanted.[9]
It is said that the Russian commander sent a report to his sovereign consisting of only three words: Hurrah from Warsaw, Suvorov. The Empress of Russia replied equally briefly: Congratulations, Field Marshal. Catherine. The newly-appointed field marshal remained in Poland until 1795, when he returned to Saint Petersburg. But his sovereign and friend Catherine died in 1796, and her son and successor Paul I dismissed the veteran in disgrace.
[edit] Suvorov's Italian campaign
Suvorov spent the next few years in retirement on his estate Konchanskoe near Borovichi. He criticised the new military tactics and dress introduced by the emperor, and some of his caustic verse reached the ears of Paul. His conduct therefore came under surveillance and his correspondence with his wife, who had remained at Moscow - for his marriage relations had not been happy - was tampered with.
It is recorded that on Sundays he tolled the bell for church and sang among the rustics in the village choir. On week days he worked among them in a smock-frock. However, in February 1799 Emperor Paul I summoned him to take the field again, this time against the French Revolutionary armies in Italy.
The campaign opened with a series of Suvorov's victories (Cassano d'Adda, Trebbia, Novi). This reduced the French government to desperate straits and drove every French soldier from Italy, save for the handful under Moreau, which maintained a foothold in the Maritime Alps and around Genoa. Suvorov himself gained the rank of "prince of the House of Savoy" from the king of Sardinia.
But the later events of the eventful year went uniformly against the Russians. General Korsakov's force was defeated by Masséna at Zürich. Betrayed by the Austrians, the old field marshal, seeking to make his way over the Swiss passes to the Upper Rhine, had to retreat to Vorarlberg, where the army, much shattered and almost destitute of horses and artillery, went into winter quarters. When Suvorov battled his way through the snow-capped Alps his army was checked but never defeated. For this marvel of strategic retreat, unheard of since the time of Hannibal, Suvorov became the fourth generalissimo of Russia. He was officially promised to be given the military triumph in Russia but the court intrigues led the Emperor Paul to cancel the ceremony.
Early in 1800 Suvorov returned to Saint Petersburg. Paul refused to give him an audience, and, worn out and ill, the old veteran died a few days afterwards on 18 May 1800, at Saint Petersburg. Lord Whitworth, the English ambassador, and the poet Derzhavin were the only persons of distinction present at the funeral.
Suvorov lies buried in the church of the Annunciation in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, the simple inscription on his grave stating, according to his own direction, "Here lies Suvorov". But within a year of his death the tsar Alexander I erected a statue to his memory in the Field of Mars.
[edit] Progeny and titles
Suvorov's full name and titles (according to Russian pronunciation), ranks and awards are the following: Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Suvorov, Prince of Italy, Count of Rimnik, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince of Sardinia, Generalissimo of Russia's Ground and Naval forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian armies; seriously wounded six times, he was the recipient of the Order of St. Andrew the First Called Apostle, Order of St. George the Triumphant First Class, Order of St. Vladimir First Class, Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, Order of St. Anna First Class, Grand Cross of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, (Austria) Order of Maria Teresa First Class, (Prussia) Order of the Black Eagle, Order of the Red Eagle, the Pour le Merite, (Sardinia) Order of the Revered Saints Maurice and Lazarus, (Bavaria) Order of St. Gubert, the Golden Lionness, (France) United Orders of the Carmelite Virgin Mary and St. Lazarus, (Poland) Order of the White Eagle, the Order of Saint Stanislaus.
Suvorov's son, Arkadi Suvorov, (1783 - 1811) served as a general officer in the Russian army during the Napoleonic and Turkish wars of the early 19th century, and drowned in the same river Rimnik that had brought his father so much fame. His grandson Alexander Arkadievich (1804 - 1882) served as Governor General of Riga in 1848-61 and Saint Petersburg in 1861-66.
[edit] Assessment
The Russians long cherished the memory of Suvorov. A great captain, viewed from the standpoint of any age of military history, he functions specially as the great captain of the Russian nation, for the character of his leadership responded to the character of the Russian soldier. In an age when war had become an act of diplomacy he restored its true significance as an act of force. He had a great simplicity of manner, and while on a campaign lived as a private soldier, sleeping on straw and contenting himself with the humblest fare. But he had himself passed through all the gradations of military service.
According to D.S. Mirsky, Suvorov "gave much attention to the form of his correspondence, and especially of his orders of the day. These latter are highly original, deliberately aiming at unexpected and striking effects. Their style is a succession of nervous staccato sentences, which produce the effect of blow and flashes. Suvorov's official reports often assume a memorable and striking form. His writings are as different from the common run of classical prose as his tactics were from those of Frederick or Marlborough".[10]
His gibes procured him many enemies. He had all the contempt of a man of ability and action for ignorant favourites and ornamental carpet-knights. But his drolleries served sometimes to hide, more often to express, a soldierly genius, the effect of which the Russian army did not soon outgrow. If the tactics of the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 - 1905 reflected too literally some of the maxims of Suvorov's Turkish wars, the spirit of self-sacrifice, resolution and indifference to losses there shown formed a precious legacy from those wars. Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov declared that he based his teaching on Suvorov's practice, which he held representative of the fundamental truths of war and of the military qualities of the Russian nation.
The Suvorov Museum was opened in Saint Petersburg to commemorate the centenary of the general's death, in 1900. Apart from St. Petersburg, other Suvorov monuments have been erected in Focsani, Ochakov (1907), Sevastopol, Izmail, Tulchin, Kobrin, Novaya Ladoga, Kherson, Timanovka, Simferopol, Kaliningrad, Konchanskoye, Rymnik, and in the Swiss Alps. On July 29, 1942 The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR established the Order of Suvorov. It was awarded for successful offensive actions against superior enemy forces. The town of Suvorovo in Varna Province, Bulgaria, was named after Suvorov.
[edit] References
- ^ J. Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons, p. 244, 1998, Henry Holt and Company
- ^ (July 10, 2001) in Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey: The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Books, 457. ISBN 0-618-12742-9. Retrieved on 2006-09-10.
- ^ J. Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons, p. 244, 1998, Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 0-8050-6342-0
- ^ : Ledonne, 2003, p.144 Google Print and Alexander, 1989, p.317 Google Print
- ^ (Russian) Alexander Bushkov Russia that never existed, cites Adam Jerzy Czartoryski's memoirs that Suvorov was trying to prevent the massacre
- ^ (Russian)A. F. Petrushevsky. "Generalissimo Prince Suvorov", chapter "Polish war: Praga, 1794", originally published 1884, reprinted 2005, ISBN 5-98447-010-1
- ^ (Polish) Janusz Tazbir, Polacy na Kremlu i inne historyje (Poles on Kreml and other stories), Iskry, 2005, ISBN 83-207-1795-7, fragment online
- ^ [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
- ^ John Leslie Howard, Soldiers of the Tsar: Army and Society in Russia, 1462-1874, Keep, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 019822575X, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN019822575X&id=X7aBrrs4iOMC&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=Soviet+looting+Poland&sig=4l93Z-mtZ8pueSTnSFE6uzM0k18 Google Print, p.216
- ^ Mirsky, D.S. (1999). A History of Russian Literature. Northwestern University Press, 60-61. ISBN 0-8101-1679-0.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- Ledonne, John P. (2003). The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-516100-9.
- Alexander, John T.. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-506162-4.
[edit] Further reading
- Anthing, Versuch einer Kriegsgeschichte des Grafen Suworow (Gotha, 1796 - 1799)
- F. von Smut, Suworows Leben und Heerzüge (Vilna, 1833—1834) and Suworow and Polens Untergang (Leipzig, 1858,)
- Von Reding-Biberegg, Der Zug Suworows durch die Schweiz (Zürich 1896)
- Lieut.-Colonel Spalding, Suvorof (London, 1890)
- G. von Fuchs, Suworows Korrespondenz, 1799 (Glogau, 1835)
- Souvorov en Italie by Gachot, Masséna's biographer (Paris, 1903)
- The standard Russian biographies of Polevoi (1853; Ger. trans., Mitau, 1853); Rybkin (Moscow, 1874), Vasiliev (Vilna, 1899), Meshcheryakov and Beskrovnyi (Moscow, 1946), and Osipov (Moscow, 1955).
- The Russian examinations of his martial art, by Bogolyubov (Moscow, 1939) and Nikolsky (Moscow, 1949).
- "1799 le baionette sagge" by Marco Galandra and Marco Baratto (Pavia, 1999).
- "SUVOROV - La Campagna Italo-Svizzera e la liberazione di Torino nel 1799" by Maria Fedotova ed. Pintore (Torino, 2004).
[edit] External links
- Alexander V. Suvorov: Russian Field Marshal, 1729-1800
- Speed, Assessment, and Hitting Power: Suvorov's Art of Victory
- Suvorov military museum in Saint Petersburg
- Suvorov's home and family
- Suvorov - the one man who could have stopped Bonaparte
- Aleksandr Suvorov: Count of Rymniksky and Prince of Italy
