Aragonese language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Aragonese aragonés |
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| Spoken in: |  Spain |
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| Region: |  Aragon |
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| Total speakers: | 10,000 (30,000 total) | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Italic Romance Italo-Western Pyrenean-Mozarabic Aragonese |
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| Official status | ||
| Official language in: | none | |
| Regulated by: | Academia de l'Aragonés | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | an | |
| ISO 639-2: | arg | |
| Ethnologue 14th edition: | AXX | |
| ISO 639-3: | arg | |
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| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Aragonese (pronounced /ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/ in English, aragonés), is a Romance language now spoken in a number of local varieties by between 10,000 and 30,000 people over the valleys of the Aragón River, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in Aragon. It is also colloquially known as fabla (literally, "speech") and is the only remaining example of the medieval Navarro-Aragonese dialects.
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[edit] History
Aragonese originated around the eighth century as one of many Latin dialects developed in the Pyrenees on top of a strong Basque-like substratum. The original Kingdom of Aragon (formed by the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza) was progressively expanded from the mountain ranges towards the South, pushing the Moors further south in the Reconquista and spreading the Aragonese language.
The dynastic union of the Catalan Counties and the Kingdom of Aragon—which formed the Aragonese Crown in the twelfth century—did not result in a merging of the language forms of the two territories into a single form; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east, and Navarro-Aragonese in the west. The Aragonese reconquista to the south ended in the kingdom of Murcia, that was ceded by James I of Aragon to the Kingdom of Castile as a dowry for an Aragonese princess.
The spread of Castilian, now more commonly known as Spanish, together with the protective effect from it that Aragonese played for the Catalan language, the Castilian origin of the Trastamara dynasty and a strong similarity between Castilian and Aragonese, meant that further recession was to follow. One of the key moments in the history of Aragonese was when a king of Castilian origin was appointed in the fifteenth century: Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferdinand of Antequera.
The mutual union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and the progressive suspension of all capacity of self-rule from the sixteenth century meant that Aragonese, while still widely spoken, was limited to a rural and colloquial use, as the nobility chose Spanish as their symbol of power. The suppression of Aragonese reached its most dramatic point during the rule of Francisco Franco in the twentieth century. Pupils were punished in schools for using it, and language politics in Francoist Spain forbade the teaching of any language that was not Spanish.
The constitutional democracy voted by the people in 1978 meant an increase in the literary works and studies conducted in and about the Aragonese language.
[edit] Modern Aragonese
Today, Aragonese is still spoken natively within its core area, the Aragonese mountain ranges of the Pyrenees, in the comarcas of Somontano, Jacetania, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza.
These are the major cities and towns where Aragonese speakers can still be found: Huesca, Graus, Monzón, Barbastro, Fonz, Echo, Estadilla, Benasque, Campo, Sabiñánigo, Jaca, Plan, Ansó, Ayerbe, Broto, and El Grado.
Aragonese is also learnt as a second language by other inhabitants of the country in areas like Huesca, Zaragoza, Ejea de los Caballeros, and Teruel. According to recent polls, altogether they only make up around 10,000 active speakers and about 30,000 passive speakers.
There are about 25-30 dialectal variants of Aragonese, the majority of which are in the province of Huesca, due to its mountainous terrain where natural isoglosses have developed around valley enclaves, and where, not surprisingly, the highest incidence of spoken Aragonese is found. Ribagorçan, is one such variant: an eastern Aragonese dialect, which is transitional to Gascon, Occitan, Catalan, and Spanish.
[edit] Phonology
Some historical traits of Aragonese language:
- As in Spanish, open O, E from Romance result systematically into diphthongs [we], [je], e.g. VET'LA > biella ("old woman", Sp. vieja, Cat. vella)
- Loss of final unstressed -E, e.g. GRANDE > gran ("big")
- Unlike Spanish, Romance initial F- is preserved, e.g. FILIU > fillo ("son", Sp. hijo, Cat. fill)
- Romance yod (GE-, GI-, I-) results in voiceless palatal affricate ch [ʧ], e.g. IUVEN > choben ("young man"), GELARE > chelar ("to freeze", Sp. helar, Cat. gelar)
- Like in Occitan and Galician/Portuguese, Romance groups -ULT-, -CT- result in [jt], e.g. FACTU > feito ("done", Sp. hecho, Cat. fet, Gal./Port. feito), MULTU > muito ("many"/"much", Sp. mucho, Cat. molt, Gal. moito, Port. muito).
- Romance groups -X-, -PS-, SCj- result into voiceless palatal fricative ix [ʃ], e.g. COXU > coixo ("crippled", Sp. cojo, Cat. coix)
- Unlike Spanish, Romance groups -Lj-, -C'L-, -T'L- result into palatal lateral ll [ʎ], e.g. MULIERE > muller ("woman", Sp. mujer, Cat. muller)), ACUT'LA > agulla ("needle", Sp. aguja, Cat. agulla)
- Unlike Spanish, Latin -B- is maintained in past imperfect endings of verbs of the second and third conjugations: teneba / teniba ("he had", Sp. tenía, Cat. tenia), dormiba ("he was sleeping", Sp. dormía, Cat. dormia)
- Aragonese is, along with dialects of Gascon, the only Western Romance language to have preserved the voicelessness of many intervocalic stop consonants, e.g. CLETA > cleta ("sheep hurdle", Cat. cleda, Fr. claie), CUCULLIATA > cocullata ("crested lark", Sp. cogujada, Cat. cogullada)
[edit] Orthography
Contemporary Aragonese has two orthographic standards:
- The grafía de Uesca codified in 1987 by the Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa (CFA) at a convention in Huesca (Aragonese: Uesca) is used by a majority of Aragonese writers. It uses a more uniform system when assigning letters to phonemes with less regard to the etymology of a word. For example, words tradtionally written with "v" and "b" are uniformly written with "b" in the Uesca system. Likewise "ch", "j", "g(+e)", and "g(+i)" are all written "ch". In addition, the orthography uses letters more strongly associated with Spanish (e.g., "ñ").[1]
- The grafía SLA devised in 2004 by the Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa (SLA). is used by a minority of Aragonese writers. It uses more etymological-based forms that are closer to Catalan, Occitan, and medieval Aragonese sources. With the SLA system, "v" and "b" and "ch", "j", "g(+e)", and "g(+i)" are distinct forms and "ny" is used instead of "ñ".
In 2006, an Academia de l'Aragonés was established but, as of 2008[update], it had not decided on a single orthographic standard.
[edit] Grammar
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Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (January 2007) |
Aragonese grammar is similar to the grammar of other Iberian Romance languages, such as Spanish and Catalan.
[edit] Pronouns
Aragonese, like many other Romance languages, but unlike other Ibero-Romance languages, preserves the difference between the Latin forms 'ende'[context needed] and 'ibi'as 'en/ne' and 'bi/i/ie'.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Academia de l'Aragonés, language regulator for Aragonese.
- A.C. Nogará, Cultural society & school Nogará.
- Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa
- Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa
- Aragonese language
- Aragonese Course
- Ethnologue report for Aragonese
- Aragonese Language Sample
- Webster's Aragonese-English Dictionary
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