Clover

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Alsike redirects here. Alsike, Sweden is also a town in the Knivsta Municipality, Sweden.

For other uses, see Clover (disambiguation).

Clover
clover inflorescence
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Tribe: Trifolieae Genus: Trifolium L.
Species
See text

Clover (Trifolium), or trefoil, is a genus of about 300 species of plants in the pea family Fabaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution; the highest diversity is found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also occur in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics. They are small annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial herbaceous plants. The leaves are trifoliate (rarely 5- or 7-foliate), with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, and heads or dense spikes of small red, purple, white, or yellow flowers; the small, few-seeded pods are enclosed in the calyx. Other closely related genera often called clovers include Melilotus (sweet clover) and Medicago (alfalfa or 'calvary clover'). The "shamrock" of popular iconography is sometimes considered to be young clover. The scientific name derives from the Latin tres, "three", and folium, "leaf", so called from the characteristic form of the leaf, which has three leaflets (trifoliate); hence the popular name trefoil. Clovers are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on clovers.

Contents 1 Selected Species 2 Cultivation 3 Symbolism and mythology 4 In Literature 5 References

[edit] Selected Species

Trifolium africanum Trifolium albopurpureum Trifolium alexandrinum Trifolium amabile Trifolium ambiguum Trifolium amoenum Trifolium andersonii Trifolium andinum Trifolium angustifolium Trifolium arvense Trifolium attenuatum Trifolium aureum Trifolium barbigerum Trifolium beckwithii Trifolium bejariense Trifolium bifidum Trifolium bolanderi Trifolium brandegeei Trifolium breweri Trifolium buckwestiorum Trifolium calcaricum Trifolium campestre Trifolium carolinianum Trifolium cernuum Trifolium ciliolatum Trifolium cyathiferum Trifolium dalmaticum Trifolium dasyphyllum Trifolium dedeckerae Trifolium depauperatum Trifolium dichotomum Trifolium douglasii Trifolium dubium Trifolium echinatum

Trifolium eriocephalum Trifolium fragiferum Trifolium friscanum Trifolium fucatum Trifolium glomeratum Trifolium gracilentum Trifolium gymnocarpon Trifolium haydenii Trifolium hirtum Trifolium howellii Trifolium hybridum Trifolium incarnatum Trifolium jokerstii Trifolium kingii Trifolium lappaceum Trifolium latifolium Trifolium leibergii Trifolium lemmonii Trifolium longipes Trifolium lupinaster Trifolium macraei Trifolium macrocephalum Trifolium medium Trifolium michelianum Trifolium microcephalum Trifolium microdon Trifolium minutissimum Trifolium monanthum Trifolium mucronatum Trifolium nanum Trifolium neurophyllum Trifolium nigrescens Trifolium obtusiflorum Trifolium oliganthum

Trifolium olivaceum Trifolium ornithopodioides Trifolium owyheense Trifolium parryi Trifolium pinetorum Trifolium plumosum Trifolium polymorphum Trifolium pratense Trifolium productum Trifolium purpureum Trifolium pygmaeum Trifolium reflexum Trifolium repens Trifolium resupinatum Trifolium rollinsii Trifolium rueppellianum Trifolium scabrum Trifolium semipilosum Trifolium siskiyouense Trifolium spumosum Trifolium squamosum Trifolium stoloniferum Trifolium striatum Trifolium subterraneum Trifolium suffocatum Trifolium thompsonii Trifolium tomentosum Trifolium trichocalyx Trifolium uniflorum Trifolium variegatum Trifolium vesiculosum Trifolium virginicum Trifolium willdenowii Trifolium wormskioldii

[edit] Cultivation

Several species are extensively cultivated as fodder-plants. The most widely cultivated clovers are White clover Trifolium repens and Red clover Trifolium pratense. Clover, either sown alone or in mixture with ryegrass, has for a long time formed a staple crop for soiling, for several reasons: it grows freely, shooting up again after repeated mowings; it produces an abundant crop; it is palatable to and nutritious for livestock; it fixes nitrogen, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers; it grows in a great range of soils and climates; and it is appropriate for either pasturage or green composting.

In many areas, particularly on acidic soil, clover is short-lived because of a combination of insect pests, diseases and nutrient balance; this is known as "clover sickness". When crop rotations are managed so that clover does not recur at shorter intervals than eight years, it grows with much of its pristine vigour.

Clover sickness in more recent times may also be linked to pollinator decline; clovers are most efficiently pollinated by bumblebees, which have declined as a result of agricultural intensification [Requires citation]. Honeybees can also pollinate clover, and beekeepers are often in heavy demand from farmers with clover pastures. Farmers enjoy the benefits of increased reseeding that occurs with increased bee activity, which means that future clover yields remain abundant. Beekeepers benefit from the clover bloom as clover is one of the main nectar sources for honeybees.

T. repens, White or Dutch clover, is a perennial abundant in meadows and good pastures. The flowers are white or pinkish, becoming brown and deflexed as the corolla fades. T. hybridum, Alsike or Swedish clover, is a perennial which was introduced early in the 19th century and has now become naturalized in Britain. The flowers are white or rosy, and resemble those of the last species. T. medium, meadow or zigzag clover, a perennial with straggling flexuous stems and rose-purple flowers, is of little agricultural value.

Other British species are: T. arvense, Hare's-foot trefoil; found in fields and dry pastures, a soft hairy plant with minute white or pale pink flowers and feathery sepals; T. fragiferum, Strawberry clover, with densely-flowered, globose, rose-purple heads and swollen calyxes; T. procumbens, Hop trefoil, on dry pastures and roadsides, the heads of pale yellow flowers suggesting miniature hops; and the somewhat similar T. minus, common in pastures and roadsides, with smaller heads and small yellow flowers turning dark brown. The last named is often called Shamrock.

Clovers are a valuable survival food, as they are high in protein, widespread, and abundant. They are not easy to digest raw, but this can be easily fixed by juicing them or boiling them for 5-10 minutes. Dried flowerheads and seedpods can also be ground up into a nutritious flour and mixed with other foods. Dried flowerheads can also be steeped in hot water for a healthy, tasty tea.

[edit] Symbolism and mythology

Shamrock, the traditional Irish symbol coined by Saint Patrick for the Holy Trinity, is commonly associated with clover, though also sometimes with Oxalis species, which are also trifoliate (i.e., they have three leaves).

Clovers occasionally have leaves with four leaflets, instead of the usual three. These four-leaf clovers, like other rarities, are considered lucky. Clovers can also have five, six, or more leaves, but these are more rare. The world record, according to Guinness, is 21.^[1]

A common idiom is "to be in clover", meaning to be living a carefree life of ease, comfort, or prosperity.

The cloverleaf interchange is named for the resemblance to the leaves of a (four-leafed) clover when viewed from the air.

In the late 1970s and '80s drug tests became very sensitive and could detect the tiniest traces of morphine. Clover has a small amount of morphine, which is eaten by cattle and can end up in bottled milk. Eating clover can set off blood and urine analysis drug tests.

It is said that if you have a 4 leaf clover, then you can use it to cancel out a Leprechaun's magic.

[edit] In Literature

In the fictional world of Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter written by Laurell K. Hamilton, four leaf clover is a defense against fey glamor (perception altering spell). It is used as an ointment applied over the eyelids, mouths, ears and hands. ^[2]

[edit] References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
• Quattrofolium