Commutativity

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Example showing the commutativity of addition (3 + 2 = 2 + 3)
For other uses, see Commute (disambiguation).

In mathematics, commutativity is the ability to change the order of something without changing the end result. It is a fundamental property of many operations throughout mathematics, and many proofs depend on it. The commutativity of simple operations, such as multiplication or addition of numbers, was for many years implicitly assumed and the property was not given a name or attributed until the 19th century when mathematicians began to formalize the theory of mathematics.

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[edit] Common uses

The commutative property (or commutative law) is a property associated with binary operations and functions. Similarly, if the commutative property holds for a pair of elements under a certain binary operation then it is said that the two elements commute under that operation.

In group and set theory, many algebraic structures are called commutative when certain operands satisfy the commutative property. In higher branches of math, such as analysis and linear algebra the commutativity of well known operations (such as addition and multiplication on real and complex numbers) is often used (or implicitly assumed) in proofs.[1][2][3]

[edit] Mathematical definitions

The term "commutative" is used in several related senses.[4][5]

1. A binary operation ∗ on a set S is said to be commutative if:

\forall x,y \in S: x * y = y * x \,
- An operation that does not satisfy the above property is called noncommutative.

2. One says that x commutes with y under ∗ if:

x * y = y * x \,

3. A binary function f:A×A → B is said to be commutative if:

\forall x,y \in A: f (x, y) = f(y, x) \,

[edit] History and etymology

The first known use of the term was in a French Journal published in 1814

Records of the implicit use of the commutative property go back to ancient times. The Egyptians used the commutative property of multiplication to simplify computing products.[6][7] Euclid is known to have assumed the commutative property of multiplication in his book Elements.[8] Formal uses of the commutative property arose in the late 18th and early 19th century when mathematicians began to work on a theory of functions. Today the commutative property is a well known and basic property used in most branches of mathematics. Simple versions of the commutative property are usually taught in beginning mathematics courses.

The first use of the actual term commutative was in a memoir by Francois Servois in 1814,[9][10] which used the word commutatives when describing functions that have what is now called the commutative property. The word is a combination of the French word commuter meaning "to substitute or switch" and the suffix -ative meaning "tending to" so the word literally means "tending to substitute or switch." The term then appeared in English in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1844.[11]

[edit] Related properties

Graph showing the symmetry of the addition function

[edit] Associativity

Main article: associativity

The associative property is closely related to the commutative property. The associative property states that the order in which operations are performed does not affect the final result. In contrast, the commutative property states that the order of the terms does not affect the final result.

[edit] Symmetry

Main article: symmetry in mathematics

Symmetry can be directly linked to commutativity. When a commutative operator is written as a binary function then the resulting function is symmetric across the line y = x. As an example, if we let a function f represent addition (a commutative operation) so that f(x,y) = x + y then f is a symmetric function which can be seen in the image on the right.

[edit] Examples

[edit] Commutative operations in everyday life

  • Putting your shoes on resembles a commutative operation since it doesn't matter if you put the left or right shoe on first, the end result (having both shoes on), is the same.
  • When making change we take advantage of the commutativity of addition. It doesn't matter what order we put the change in, it always adds to the same total.

[edit] Commutative operations in math

Two well-known examples of commutative binary operations are:[4]

y + z = z + y \quad \forall y,z\in \mathbb{R}
For example 4 + 5 = 5 + 4, since both expressions equal 9.
y z = z y \quad \forall y,z\in \mathbb{R}
For example, 3 × 5 = 5 × 3, since both expressions equal 15.

[edit] Noncommutative operations in everyday life

Concatenation, the act of joining character strings together, is a noncommutative operation.
  • Washing and drying your clothes resembles a noncommutative operation, if you dry first and then wash, you get a significantly different result than if you wash first and then dry.
  • The Rubik's Cube is noncommutative. For example, twisting the front face clockwise, the top face clockwise and the front face counterclockwise (FUF') does not yield the same result as twisting the front face clockwise, then counterclockwise and finally twisting the top clockwise (FF'U). The twists do not commute. This is studied in group theory.

[edit] Noncommutative operations in mathematics

Some noncommutative binary operations are:[12]

\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \neq \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}

[edit] Mathematical structures and commutativity

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Axler, p.2
  2. ^ a b Gallian, p.34
  3. ^ p. 26,87
  4. ^ a b Krowne, p.1
  5. ^ Weisstein, Commute, p.1
  6. ^ Lumpkin, p.11
  7. ^ Gay and Shute, p.?
  8. ^ O'Conner and Robertson, Real Numbers
  9. ^ Cabillón and Miller, Commutative and Distributive
  10. ^ O'Conner and Robertson, Servois
  11. ^ Cabillón and Miller, Commutative and Distributive
  12. ^ Yark, p.1
  13. ^ Gallian p.236
  14. ^ Gallian p.250

[edit] References

[edit] Books

Abstract algebra theory. Covers commutativity in that context. Uses property throughout book.
  • Goodman, Frederick (2003). Algebra: Abstract and Concrete, Stressing Symmetry, 2e. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-067342-0. 
Abstract algebra theory. Uses commutativity property throughout book.
Linear algebra theory. Explains commutativity in chapter 1, uses it throughout.

[edit] Articles

Article describing the mathematical ability of ancient civilizations.
  • Robins, R. Gay, and Charles C. D. Shute. 1987. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus: An Ancient Egyptian Text. London: British Museum Publications Limited. ISBN 0-7141-0944-4
Translation and interpretation of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.

[edit] Online Resources

Definition of commutativity and examples of commutative operations
Explanation of the term commute
Examples proving some noncommutative operations
Article giving the history of the real numbers
Page covering the earliest uses of mathematical terms
Biography of Francois Servois, who first used the term

[edit] See also

Sister project Look up commutativity in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutativity"
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