Copper Age
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| Neolithic |
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| ↑ Mesolithic |
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farming, animal husbandry |
| ↓Bronze Age |
The Chalcolithic (Greek khalkos + lithos 'copper stone') period or Copper Age period [also known as the Eneolithic (Æneolithic)], is a phase in the development of human culture in which the use of early metal tools appeared alongside the use of stone tools.
The period is a transitional one outside of the traditional three-age system, and occurs between the Neolithic and Bronze Age. It appears that copper was not widely exploited at first and that efforts in alloying it with tin and other metals began quite soon, making distinguishing the distinct Chalcolithic cultures and periods difficult.
The emergence of metallurgy occurred first in the Fertile Crescent, where it gave rise to the Bronze Age in the 4th millennium BC. There was an independent and limited invention of metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica from about the 7th century CE, which however did not go past the "Chalcolithic" stage.
The literature of European archaeology generally avoids the use of 'chalcolithic' (they prefer the term 'Copper Age'), while Middle-Eastern archaeologists regularly use it. The Copper Age in the Middle East and the Caucasus begins in the late 5th millennium BC and lasts for about a millennium before it gives rise to the Early Bronze Age. Transition from the European Copper Age to Bronze Age Europe occurs about a millennium later, between the late 4th and the late 3rd millennia BC.
According to Parpola,[1] ceramic similarities between the Indus Civilization, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Iran during 4300–3300 BC of the Chalcolithic period (Copper Age) suggest considerable mobility and trade.
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[edit] Europe
Ötzi the Iceman, found in the Ötztaler Alps and whose remains dated about 3300 BC was found with the copper axe, which was crafted with ornate detail. This puts to conclusion that copper mining existed in Europe at least 5300 (probably more) years ago (500 years more than previously believed).[2]
Knowledge of the use of copper was far wider spread than the metal itself. The European Battle Axe culture used stone axes modelled on copper axes, with imitation "mold marks" carved in the stone.[citation needed]
The European Beaker people are often considered Chalcolithic as were the cultures which first adopted urbanisation in southwest Asia[citation needed]. Many megaliths in Europe were erected during this period and it has been suggested that Proto-Indo-European linguistic unity dates to around the same time[citation needed]. Examples of Chalcolithic cultures in Europe include Los Millares on the Iberian Peninsula in present day Spain.[3]
[edit] South Asia
The South Asian inhabitants of Mehrgarh fashioned tools with local copper ore between 7700–3300 BC.[4]
[edit] East Asia
5th millennia BC copper artifacts start to appear in East Asia, such as Jiangzhai and Hongshan culture, but those metal artifacts were not widely used.
[edit] Mesoamerica
Less commonly, the term is also applied to American civilizations which already used copper and copper alloys at the time of European conquest. The Old Copper Complex, located in present day Michigan and Wisconsin in the United States used copper for tools, weapons and other implements. Artifacts from these sites have been dated from 4000 to 1000 BC, making them some of the oldest Chalcolithic sites in the world.[5]
[edit] Notes
- ^ A.Parpola, 2005
- ^ Oetzi: The 5000 Year Old Murder Case --SOLVED! http://www.mondovista.com/oetzi.html
- ^ C.M.Hogan, 2007
- ^ Possehl, Gregory L. (1996)
- ^ T.C.Pleger, 2000
[edit] References
- Parpola, Asko (2005), "Study of the Indus script", Transactions of the 50th International Conference of Eastern Studies, Tokyo: The Tôhô Gakkai, pp. pp. 28–66, http://www.helsinki.fi/~aparpola/tices_50.pdf.
- Bogucki, Peter (2007), "Copper Age of Eastern Europe", The Atlas of World Archaeology, London: Sandcastle Books, pp. pp. 66.
- C.Michael Hogan (2007) Los Silillos, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham [1]
- T.C. Pleger (2000) The Old Copper Complex of the Western Great Lakes [2]
- Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). Mehrgarh in Oxford Companion to Archaeology, edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Chalcolithic Era entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica
