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The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini/Common Era numbering system.
However, historians sometimes specifically define the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.[1][2] To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the battle of Waterloo in 1815[3] or even later.[4]
Contents
- 1 Events
- 2 Significant people
- 2.1 World leaders, politicians, military
- 2.2 Show business, theatre, entertainers
- 2.3 Musicians, composers
- 2.4 Visual artists, painters, sculptors, printmakers
- 2.5 Writers, poets
- 2.6 Philosophers, theologians
- 2.7 Scientists, researchers
- 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions
- 4 Literary achievements
- 5 References
- 6 Decades and years
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[edit] Events
[edit] Significant people
[edit] World leaders, politicians, military
Yeongjo, King of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea.
- John Adams, American statesman
- Samuel Adams, American statesman
- Ahmad Shah Abdali, Afghan King
- Ahmed III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- Hyder Ali, Ruler of Mysore
- Ethan Allen, American Revolutionary Army
- Anne, Queen of Great Britain
- Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born Queen of France
- Augustus III, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Lithuania
- Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor
- Boromakot, King of Ayutthaya
- Boromaracha V, King of Ayutthaya
- William Cavendish, Anglo-Irish politician
- John Carteret, Anglo-Irish politician
- Catherine the Great, Tsaritsa of Russia
- Charles III, King of Spain, Naples, and Sicily
- Charles VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia and Hungary
- Charles XII, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends;
- Charlotte Corday, French revolutionary
- Georges Danton, French revolutionary leader
- Farrukhsiyar, Emperor of Mughal
- Ferdinand I, King of Naples, Sicily, and the Two Sicilies
- Benjamin Franklin, American leader, scientist and statesman
- Juan Franscisco, Spanish naval officer and explorer
- Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends
- Frederick the Great, King of Prussia
- George I, King of Great Britain and Ireland
- George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland
- George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland
- Robert Gray, American revolutionary, merchant, and explorer
- Gustav III, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends
- Gyeongjong, King of Joseon Dynasty
- Abdul Hamid I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
- Alexander Hamilton, American statesman
- Patrick Henry, American statesman
- Emperor Higashiyama, Emperor of Japan
- John Jay, American statesman
- Thomas Jefferson, American statesman
- Jeongjo, King of Joseon Dynasty
- John Paul Jones, American naval commander
- Joseph I, King of Portugal
- Joseph II, Austrian Emperor
- Kangxi Emperor, Chinese Emperor
- Karim Khan, Shah of Iran and King of Persia
- Marquis de Lafayette, Continental Army officer
- Louis XIV, King of France
- Louis XV, King of France
- Louis XVI, King of France
- Louis XVII, imprisoned King of France, never ruled
- James Madison, American statesman
- Madhavrao I, Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha Empire
- Madhavrao I Scindia, Marathan leader
- Mahmud I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
- Alessandro Malaspina, Spanish explorer
- George Mason, American statesman
- Michikinikwa, Miami chief and warrior
- José Moñino y Redondo, Spanish statesman
- Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, French officer
- Mustafa III, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
- Nadir Shah, King of Persia
- Nakamikado, Emperor of Japan
- Horatio Nelson, British admiral
- Nanasaheb, Peshwa/Prime Minister of Maratha Empire
- Shivappa Nayaka, King of Keladi Nayaka
- Osman III, Sultan of Ottaman Empire
- Peter I (Peter the Great), Tsar of Russian
- Philip V, King of Spain
- Pontiac, Ottawa chief and warrior
- Qianlong, Emperor of China
- Rajaram II of Satara, Monarch of the Maratha Confederacy
- Francis II Rákóczi, Prince of Hungary and Transylvania, revolutionary leader
- Tadeusz Rejtan, Polish politician
- Paul Revere, American revolutionary leader and silversmith
- Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary leader
- Betsy Ross, American flag maker
- Shah Rukh of Persia, King of Persia.
- John Russell, Anglo-Irish politician
- Lionel Sackville, Anglo-Irish politician
- Sebastião de Melo, Prime Minister of Portugal
- Chattrapati Shahu, Emperor of Maratha Empire
- Selim III, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
- Charles Edward Stuart, English Jacobite exile
- Sukjong, King of Joseon Dynasty
- Alexander Suvorov, Russian military leader
- Maria Theresa, Austrian Empress
- Tokugawa Ieharu, Japanese Shogun
- Tokugawa Ienobu, Japanese Shogun
- Tokugawa Ieshige, Japanese Shogun
- Tokugawa Ietsugu, Japanese Shogun
- Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese Shogun
- Tokugawa Yoshimune, Japanese Shogun
- Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary leader
- Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian revolutionary
- George Vancouver, British Captain and explorer
- Robert Walpole, Prime Minister of Great Britain
- George Washington, American general and first President of the United States
- James Wolfe, British officer
- Yeongjo, King of Joseon Dynasty
[edit] Show business, theatre, entertainers
- Barton Booth, actor
- Colley Cibber, actor, poet, playwright
- Thomas Doggett, actor
- David Garrick, actor
- John Gay, English dramatist and poet
- Charles Johnson, English playwright
- Charles Macklin, actor
- Chikamatsu Monzaemon, Japanese dramatist, playwright
- John O'Keeffee, Irish playwright
- Anne Oldfield, English actress
- Hannah Pritchard, English actress
- Hester Santlow, English actress, ballerina, dancer
- Kong Shangren, Chinese dramatist, poet
- Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright
- John Small, English cricketer
- Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, English cricketer
- Robert Wilks, English actor
- Wang Yun, Chinese playwright, poet
[edit] Musicians, composers
- Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer
- Samuel Arnold, English composer and musician
- Nidhu Babu, Indian and Bengali musician and composer
- Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer
- Charles Burney, English musician and music historian
- François Couperin, French composer
- William Cowper, English hymnist and poet
- Dede Efendi, Turkish/Ottoman composer
- Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer
- Francesco Geminiani, Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.
- George Frideric Handel, German-English composer
- Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer
- Hampartsoum Limondjian, Armenian/Ottoman composer
- Kali Mirza, Bengali composer
- Leopold Mozart, Austrian composer
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
- Johann Pachelbel, German composer, teacher
- François-André Danican Philidor, French composer and chess master
- Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer
- Bharatchandra Ray, Bengali composer, musician, and poet
- Sadarang, Hindustani composer
- Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer.
- Antonio Stradivari, Italian violin maker
- Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer
- Isaac Watts, English hymnist
[edit] Visual artists, painters, sculptors, printmakers
- Michel Benoist, French painter, architect, missionary in China
- William Blake, English artist and poet
- Edmé Bouchardon, French sculptor
- François Boucher, French painter
- Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian painter, architect, missionary in China
- Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, French painter
- John Singleton Copley, American painter
- Jacques-Louis David, French painter
- Étienne Maurice Falconet, French sculptor
- Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter
- Thomas Gainsborough, English painter
- Francisco de Goya, Spanish painter
- Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter
- Suzuki Harunobu, Japanese woodblock printer
- William Hogarth, English painter and engraver
- Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, French sculptor, student of his father
- Jean-Louis Lemoyne, French sculptor
- Robert Le Lorrain, French sculptor
- Yuan Mei, Chinese painter, poet, essayist
- Antoine Ignace Melling, French-German painter, architect
- Gai Qi, Chinese painter, poet
- Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Italian-born Russian architect
- Joshua Reynolds, English painter
- Gilbert Stuart, American painter
- Nishikawa Sukenobu, Japanese printmaker, teacher
- Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Venetian painter
- Jiang Tingxi, Chinese artist and scholar
- Kitagawa Utamaro, Japanese printmaker and painter
- Antoine Watteau, French painter
[edit] Writers, poets
- Jane Austen, English writer
- Pierre Beaumarchais, French writer
- Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and literary critic
- James Boswell, Scottish biographer
- Frances Burney, English novelist
- Robert Burns, Scottish poet
- Giacomo Casanova, Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer
- Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French writer
- Daniel Defoe, English novelist and journalist
- Liang Desheng, Chinese poet and writer
- Maria Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish novelist
- Henry Fielding, English novelist
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer
- Oliver Goldsmith, Anglo-Irish writer, poet, children's writer, and playwright
- Thomas Gray, English poet, scholar, and educator
- Eliza Haywood, English writer
- Wu Jingzi, Chinese writer
- Samuel Johnson, British writer, lexicographer, poet, and literary critic
- John Keats, British poet/writer
- Ferenc Kazinczy, Hungarian writer
- Charlotte Lennox, English novelist and poet
- Matthew Lewis, English novelist and playwright
- Sadhak Kamalakanta, Indian poet
- Henry Mackenzie, Scottish novelist
- Jean-Paul Marat, French journalist
- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, Spanish writer
- Yuan Mei, Chinese poet, scholar and artist
- Honoré Mirabeau, French writer and politician
- John Newbery, English children's literature publisher
- Wen Peixin, Chinese novelist and poet
- Alexander Pope, English poet
- Ann Radcliffe, English novelist
- Samuel Richardson, English novelist
- Li Ruzhen, Chinese novelist
- Marquis de Sade, French writer and philosopher
- Ramprasad Sen, Bengali poet and singer
- Friedrich Schiller, German writer
- Walter Scott, Scottish novelest and poet
- Christopher Smart, English poet and actor
- Robert Southey, English poet and biographer
- Hester Thrale, English memoirist
- Charlotte Turner Smith, English writer
- Pu Songling, Chinese short story writer
- Laurence Sterne, Anglo-Irish writer
- Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish satirist and Church of Ireland Dean
- Ueda Akinari, Japanese writer
- Voltaire, French writer and philosopher
- Horace Walpole, English writer and politician
- Mary Wollstonecraft, British writer and feminist
- Cao Xueqin, Chinese writer
[edit] Philosophers, theologians
- Arai Hakuseki, Japanese scholar, writer and politician
- Benedict XIII, Roman Catholic Pope
- Benedict XIV, Roman Catholic Pope
- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher and reformer
- George Berkeley, Irish empiricist philosopher
- Edmund Burke, British statesman and philosopher
- Clement XI, Roman Catholic Pope
- Clement XII, Roman Catholic Pope
- Clement XIII, Roman Catholic Pope
- Clement XIV, Roman Catholic Pope
- Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Erasmus Darwin, English philosopher, poet and scientist
- Denis Diderot, French writer and philosopher
- William Godwin, English philosopher and novelist
- Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn, German writer, Jewish theologian, translator, and professor
- Johann Gottfried Herder, German philosopher, writer, and critic
- Thomas Herring, Archbishop of Canterbury
- David Hume, Scottish philosopher
- Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Innocent XIII, Roman Catholic Pope
- Immanuel Kant, German philosopher
- Kamo no Mabuchi, Japanese philosopher
- William Law, English theologian
- Alphonsus Liguori, Italian bishop, founder of Redemptorists, Saint
- Moses Mendelssohn, German philosopher
- Charles de Secondat (Montesquieu), French thinker
- John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Motoori Norinaga, Japanese philosopher and scholar
- Thomas Paine, English philosopher
- Elihu Palmer, American deist
- Thomas Percy, English bishop and editor
- Joseph Perl, German writer, Jewish theologian, and educator
- Pius VI, Roman Catholic Pope
- John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French writer and philosopher
- Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Sugita Genpaku, Japanese scholar and translator
- Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist, thinker and mystic
- Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Christian Thomasius, German philosopher and jurist
- Baal Shem Tov, Ukrainian rabbi
- Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, Arab Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism
- William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury
- John Wesley, English theologian, founder of Methodism
- Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, German religious writer and bishop
[edit] Scientists, researchers
- Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian mathematician[16]
- Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician, physicist and encyclopedist
- Joseph Banks, English botanist
- Laura Bassi, Italian scientist, the first European female college teacher[16]
- Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and physicist
- Alexis Clairault, French mathematician
- James Cook, English navigator, explorer and cartographer
- Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist
- Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
- Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, German physicist and engineer
- George Fordyce, Scottish physician and chemist
- Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, physicist and astronomer
- Edward Gibbon, English historian
- Edward Jenner, English inventor of vaccination
- William Jones, English philologist
- Joseph Louis Lagrange, Italian-French mathematician and physicist
- Pierre Simon Laplace, French physicist and mathematician
- Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist
- John Law, Scottish economist
- Pan Lei, Chinese scholar and mathematician
- Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician
- Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), Swedish biologist
- Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian scientist
- Edmond Malone, Irish literary scholar
- Thomas Malthus, English economist
- Joseph Priestley, dissenting minister and chemist
- John Smeaton, civil engineer and physicist
- Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher
- Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish scientist and explorer
- James Watt, Scottish scientist and inventor
- John Whitehurst, English geologist
- Dai Zhen, Chinese mathematician, geographer, phonologist and philosopher
[edit] Inventions, discoveries, introductions
[edit] Literary achievements
[edit] References
- ^ Anderson, M. S. (1979). Historians and the Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198225482. OCLC 185538307.
- ^ Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715-1789 (revised edition). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300091516. OCLC 186413657.
- ^ Marshall, P. J. (Editor) (2001). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0199246777. OCLC 174866045. , "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1
- ^ O'Gorman, Frank (1997). The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series). A Hodder Arnold Publication. ISBN 0340567511. OCLC 243883533.
- ^ War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714
- ^ The history of Scotland - The Act of Union 1707
- ^ A guide to Scottish clans
- ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History
- ^ Usman dan Fodio (Fulani leader)
- ^ List of Wars of the Crimean Tatars
- ^ Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs ‘Natural’ Climate Trends
- ^ Saudi Arabia - The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam
- ^ Sufism in the Caucasus
- ^ "Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia, 1793". EyeWitness to History. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/yellowfever.htm. Retrieved on 2007-06-22.
- ^ Riedel S (2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 18 (1): 21–5. PMID 16200144. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1200696.
- ^ a b Porter, Roy (Editor) (2003). The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 4: The Eighteenth Century (The Cambridge History of Science). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521572436. OCLC 123123201. , "The Philosopher's Beard: Women and Gender in Science" by Londra Schiebinger, pages 184-210
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions, Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146 ISBN 0-471-291-98-6
[edit] Decades and years