Büyük Menderes River
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| Origin | Dinar |
| Mouth | Aegean Region, Turkey |
| Basin countries | Turkey |
| Length | 548 kilometres (341 mi) |
| Source elevation | N/A |
| Mouth elevation | 0 |
| Avg. discharge | N/A |
| Basin area | N/A |
The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled Meander); Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Ancient Greek: Μαίανδρος; Maíandros) is a river in southwestern Turkey. It rises in west central Turkey near Dinar before flowing west through the Büyük Menderes graben until reaching the Aegean Sea in the proximity of the ancient Ionian city Miletus. The word "meander" is also used metaphorically after the Greek to describe a winding pattern.
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[edit] Modern geography
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[edit] Ancient geography
The Maeander was a celebrated river of Caria in Asia Minor. It appears earliest in the Catalog of Trojans of Homer's Iliad along with Miletus and Mycale.
[edit] Source
The river has its sources not far from Celaenae in Phrygia (now Dinar),[1] where it gushed forth in a park of Cyrus.[2] According to some [3] its sources were the same as those of the river Marsyas; but this is irreconcilable with Xenophon, according to whom the sources of the two rivers were only near each other, the Marsyas rising in a royal palace.[4] Others[5] state that the Maeander flowed out of a lake on Mount Aulocrene. William Martin Leake[6] reconciles all these apparently different statements by the remark that both the Maeander and the Marsyas have their origin in the lake on Mount Aulocrene, above Celaenae, but that they issue at different parts of the mountain below the lake.
[edit] Course
The Maeander was so celebrated in antiquity for its numerous windings, that its classical name "Maeander" became, and still is, proverbial.[7] Its whole course has a southwesterly direction on the south of the range of Mount Messogis. South of Tripolis it receives the waters of the Lycus, whereby it becomes a river of some importance. Near Carura it passes from Phrygia into Caria, where it flows in its tortuous course through the Maeandrian plain,[8] and finally discharges itself in the Gulf of Icaros (an arm of the Aegean Sea), between Priene and Myus, opposite to the Ionian city of Miletus, from which its mouth is only 10 stadia distant.[9]
[edit] Tributaries
The tributaries of the Maeander include the Orgyas, Marsyas, Cludrus, Lethaeus, and Gaeson, in the north; and the Obrimas, Lycus, Harpasus, and a second Marsyas in the south.
[edit] Physical description
The Maeander is everywhere a very deep river,[10] but not very broad, so that in many parts its depth equals its breadth. As moreover it carried in its waters a great quantity of mud, it was navigable only for small craft.[11] It frequently overflowed its banks; and, in consequence of the quantity of its deposits at its mouth, the coast has been pushed about 20 or 30 stadia further into the sea, so that several small islands off the coast have become united with the mainland.[12]
[edit] Mythology
There was a legend about a subterraneous connection between the Maeander and the Alfeios River in Elis. [13]
[edit] Notes
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, Book 7 section 26.
- ^ Xenophon, Anabasis, Book 1 Chapter 2.
- ^ Strabo xii. p. 578; Maxim. Tyr. viii. 38.
- ^ Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.8.
- ^ Pliny (v. 31), Solinus (40. § 7), and Martianus Capella (6. p. 221).
- ^ Asia Minor, p. 158, &c.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony, line 339; Strabo, Geography, Book 12, Chapter 8, Section 15; Pausanias viii. 41. § 3; Ovid Met. viii. 162, &c.; Livy xxxviii. 13; Seneca Herc. Fur. 683, &c., Phoen. 605.
- ^ comp. Strabo xiv. p. 648, xv. p. 691
- ^ Pliny l. c.; Pausanias ii. 5. § 2.
- ^ Nic. Chonat. p. 125; Liv. l. c.
- ^ Strabo xii. p. 579, xiv. p. 636.
- ^ Pausanias viii. 24. § 5; Thucydides viii. 17.)
- ^ Pausanias il. 5. § 2; comp. Hamilton, Researches, vol. i. p. 525, foll., ii. p. 161, foll.
[edit] References
Herodotus: History of Herodotus on Wikisource- Hesiod: Theogony on Wikisource.
- Strabo; H.C. Hamilton, W.Falconer, Editors. "Geography". Tufts University: The Perseus Digital Library. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=1.1.1.
- Xenophon: Anabasis on Wikisource.
- Xenophon, Anabasis, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA; William Heinemann, Ltd., London. 1980. OCLC 10290977. ISBN 0674991001.
- This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography by William Smith (1856).
[edit] See also
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