Somali Civil War

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Somalia Civil War

A Black Hawk helicopter, callsign Super 6-4, hovering over the Mogadishu coast.
Date 1991 - Present
Location Somalia
Status Conflict ongoing
Casualties and losses
Casualties:
300,000[1] - 400,000[2] dead
v • d • e
v • d • e
Somali Civil War

The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1991.

Contents

[edit] Downfall of Siyaad Barre (1986–1992)

Main article: Somalian Revolution (1986–1992)

The first phase of the civil war stemmed from the insurrections against the repressive regime of Siyaad Barre. After his ousting from power on January 26, 1991, a counter-revolution took place to attempt to reinstate him as leader of the country.

The increasingly violent and chaotic situation evolved to a humanitarian crisis and to a state of anarchy.

Later in 1991, to insulate it from the more violent fighting in the south, the Republic of Somaliland declared itself independent, though it was not formally recognized as such by the international community. It comprises the northwestern section of the country (between Djibouti and the northeastern area known as Puntland).

[edit] UN Intervention (1992–1995)

Main articles: UNOSOM I, UNITAF, and UNOSOM II

UN Security Council Resolution 733 and UN Security Council Resolution 746 led to the creation of UNOSOM I, the first mission to provide humanitarian relief and help restore order in Somalia after the dissolution of its central government.

UN Security Council Resolution 794 was unanimously passed on December 3, 1992, which approved a coalition of United Nations peacekeepers led by the United States to form UNITAF, tasked with ensuring humanitarian aid being distributed and peace being established in Somalia. The UN humanitarian troops landed in 1993 and started a two-year effort (primarily in the south) to alleviate famine conditions.

An American soldier at the main entrance to the Port of Mogadishu points to identify a sniper's possible firing position (January 1994).

Critics of US involvement pointed out that "just before pro-U.S. President Mohamed Siad Barre was overthrown in 1991, nearly two-thirds of the country's territory had been granted as oil concessions to Conoco, Amoco, Chevron and Phillips. Conoco even lent its Mogadishu corporate compound to the U.S. embassy a few days before the Marines landed, with the first Bush administration's special envoy using it as his temporary headquarters."[3][4][5] The cynical assertion was that, rather than a purely humanitarian gesture, the US was stepping in to gain control of oil concessions. Somalia has no proven reserves of oil, but there are considered to be possible reserves off Puntland. Even today, oil exploration remains a controversy. The Transitional Federal Government has warned investors to not make deals until stability is once again brought to the country.[6]

In the period between June and October, several gun battles in Mogadishu between local gunmen and peacekeepers resulted in the death of 24 Pakistanis and 19 US soldiers (total US deaths were 31), most of whom were killed in the Battle of Mogadishu. 1000 Somali militia were killed in that battle. The incident later became the basis for the book and movie Black Hawk Down. The UN withdrew on March 3, 1995, having suffered more significant casualties. Order in Somalia still had not been restored.

[edit] Division of Somalia (1998-2006)

Main articles: Consolidation of States Within Somalia (1998-2006) and Attempts at Reconciliation in Somalia (1991-2004)

The period of 1998–2006 saw the declaration of a number of self-declared autonomous states within Somalia. Unlike Somaliland, they were all movements of autonomy, but not outright claims of independence.

The self-proclaimed state of Puntland declared "temporary" independence in 1998, with the intention that it would participate in any Somali reconciliation to form a new central government.

A second movement occurred in 1998 with the declaration of the state of Jubaland in the south.

A third self-proclaimed entity led by the Rahanweyn Resistance Army(RRA) was set up in 1999, along the lines of the Puntland. That "temporary" secession was reasserted in 2002. This led to the autonomy of Southwestern Somalia. The RRA had originally set up an autonomous administration over the Bay and Bakool regions of south and central Somalia in 1999. The territory of Jubaland was declared as encompassed by the state of Southwestern Somalia and its status is unclear.

A fourth self-declared state was formed as Galmudug in 2006 in response to the growing power of the Islamic Courts Union.

Although Somaliland is legally and internationally recognized as an autonomous region within the Somali Republic, its government seeks outright independence from Somalia.

Also during this period, various attempts at reconciliation met with lesser or greater measures of success. Movements such as the interclan Transitional National Government (TNG) and the Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council (SRRC) eventually led to the foundation, in November 2004, of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). However, warlord and clan-based violence continued throughout the period and the so-called national government movements had little control over the country at the time.

[edit] Rise of the ICU, War with the ARPCT, TFG and Ethiopia (2006–present)

Main articles: Advance of the Islamic Courts Union, War in Somalia (2006–2009), Transitional Federal Government, ARPCT, and Islamic Courts Union
Flag of the Islamic Courts Union

In 2004, the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was founded in Nairobi, Kenya. Matters were still too chaotic inside Somalia to convene in Mogadishu. In early 2006, the TFG moved to establish a temporary seat of government in Baidoa.

During the early part of 2006, the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) was formed as an alliance of mostly secular Mogadishu-based warlords. They were opposed to the rise of the Sharia law oriented Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which had been rapidly consolidating power. They were backed by funding from the US CIA.[7] This led to increasing conflict in the capital.

[edit] Height of ICU power

Main articles: Second Battle of Mogadishu and Battle of Baidoa

By June 2006, the ICU succeeded in capturing the capital, Mogadishu, in the Second Battle of Mogadishu. They drove the ARPCT out of Mogadishu, and succeeded in persuading or forcing other warlords to join their faction. Their power base grew as they expanded to the borders of Puntland and took over southern and middle Jubaland.

The Islamic movement's growing power base and militancy led to increasingly open warfare between the Islamists and the other factions of Somalia, including the Transitional Federal Government (TFG), Puntland and Galmudug, the latter of which formed as an autonomous state specifically to resist the Islamists. It also caused the intervention of Ethiopia, who supported the secular forces of Somalia. The ICU allegedly obtained the support of Ethiopia's rival, Eritrea and foreign mujahideen, and declared Jihad against Ethiopia in response to its occupation of Gedo and deployment around Baidoa.

[edit] Ethiopian intervention and collapse of the ICU

Main articles: Battle of Bandiradley, Battle of Beledweyne, Battle of Jowhar, and Fall of Mogadishu

In December 2006, the ICU and TFG began the Battle of Baidoa. Fighting also broke out around the Somali town of Bandiradley in Mudug and Beledweyn in Hiran region. The ICU aimed to force the Ethiopians off Somali soil. However, they were defeated in all major battles and forced to withdraw to Mogadishu. After the brief final action at the Battle of Jowhar on December 27, the leaders of the ICU resigned.

Main articles: Battle of Jilib and Fall of Kismayo

Following the Battle of Jilib, fought December 31, 2006, Kismayo fell to the TFG and Ethiopian forces, on January 1, 2007. Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi called for the country to begin disarming.

[edit] US intervention

Main article: Battle of Ras Kamboni

In January 2007, the United States officially militarily interceded in the country for the first time since the UN deployment of the 1990s by conducting airstrikes using AC-130 gunships against Islamist positions in Ras Kamboni, as part of efforts to catch or kill Al Qaeda operatives supposedly embedded within ICU forces. Unconfirmed reports also stated US advisors had been on the ground with Ethiopian and Somali forces since the beginning of the war. Naval forces were also deployed offshore to prevent escape by sea, and the border to Kenya was closed.

[edit] Islamist insurgency and reappearance of inter-clan fighting

Main articles: War in Somalia (2006–2009) and African Union Mission to Somalia

No sooner had the ICU been routed from the battlefield than their troops dispersed to begin a guerrilla war against Ethiopian and Somali government forces. Simultaneously, the end of the war was followed by a continuation of existing tribal conflicts.

To help establish security, a proposed African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) was authorized to deploy as many as 8,000 peacekeepers to the country. This mission widened the scope of countries that could participate over the earlier proposed mission led by the Horn of Africa-based nations of IGAD. The Islamist group leading the insurgency, known as the Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations (PRM), vowed to oppose the presence of foreign troops.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides
  2. ^ Hundreds of thousands killed in years of war, says new president
  3. ^ Kretzman, Steve (Jan/Feb 2003). "Oil, Security, War The geopolitics of U.S. energy planning". Multinational Monitor magazine. http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Oil_watch/Oil_Security_War.html. 
  4. ^ Fineman, Mark (January 18 1993). "Column One; The Oil Factor In Somalia;Four American Petroleum Giants Had Agreements With The African Nation Before Its Civil War Began. They Could Reap Big Rewards If Peace Is Restored.". Los Angeles Times: p. 1. http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/70509.html. 
  5. ^ George, Dev (1995). "Will the majors return to Somalia?". Offshore: p. 8. http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/70792.html. 
  6. ^ "Abdillahi Yusuf’s Transitional ‎Government And Puntland Oil Deals". Somaliland Times. http://www.somalilandtimes.net/196/10728.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. 
  7. ^ UN trying to clarify problems in Somalia - The Final Call - Jun 29, 2006

[edit] External links

News coverage of conflict
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